Table 4.
Effect sizes of treatment effects for non-electrotherapeutic physiotherapy
| Short term | Intermediate term | Long term | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4–12 weeks | 26 weeks | 52 weeks | |
| Manipulation and exercise vs no intervention | |||
| Overall improvement RR (relative risk) (95% CI)—RR>1 favours treatment | |||
| Bisset | 2.44 (1.54 to 3.85)* | 0.94 (0.78 to 1.12) | 1.04 (0.93 to 1.15) |
| Coombes | 4.00 (1.46 to 10.94)* | 1.06 (0.89 to 1.28) | 1.08 (0.99 to 1.18) |
| Pooled | 2.75 (2.09 to 3.62)* | 0.99 (0.75 to 1.30) | 1.05 (0.75 to 1.49) |
| Heterogeneity | p=0.37, I2=0% | p=0.33 I2=0% | p=0.57 I2=0% |
| Pain SMD (standardised mean difference; 95% CI)—negative value favours treatment | |||
| Bisset | −0.63 (−0.99 to −0.27)* | −0.25 (−0.62 to 0.11) | −0.38 (−0.74 to −0.03)* |
| Coombes | −1.27 (−1.74 to −0.79)* | 0.00 (−0.44 to 0.44) | 0.00 (−0.44 to 0.44) |
| Pooled | − | −0.15 (−0.43 to 0.13) | −0.23 (−-0.51 to 0.04) |
| Heterogeneity | >65% | p=0.39 I2=0% | p=0.18 I2=45% |
| Pain-free grip strength ratio affected/ unaffected arm SMD (95%) | |||
| Bisset | 0.76 (0.39 to 1.13)* | 0.20 (−0.47 to 0.56) | 0.17 (–0.18 to 0.52) |
| Exercise vs no intervention | |||
| DASH score (0−100, 100 most discomforts, negative value favours treatment) SMD (95% CI) | |||
| Peterson | −0.03 (−0.47 to 0.40) | – | |
| Pain on maximum voluntary contraction SMD (95% CI)—negative value favours treatment | |||
| Peterson | −0.30 (−0.74 to 0.14) | – | |
| Pain on maximum muscular elongation SMD (95% CI)—negative value favours treatment | |||
| Peterson | −0.24 (−0.68 to 0.19) | -– | |
| Eccentric exercise and stretching vs stretching | |||
| DASH score (0−100, 100 most discomforts, negative value favours treatment) SMD (95% CI) | |||
| M-Silvestrini | −0.07 (−0.46 to 0.60) | – | |
| Pain SMD (95% CI)—negative value favours treatment | |||
| M-Silvestrini | −0.04 (−0.57 to 0.49) | – | |
| Pain-free grip strength affected arm SMD (95%) | |||
| M-Silvestrini | −0.26 (−0.79 to 0.27) | – | |
| Concentric exercise and stretching vs stretching | |||
| DASH score (0−100, 100 most complaints, negative value favours treatment) SMD (95% CI) | |||
| M-Silvestrini | 0.14 (−0.39 to 0.68) | – | |
| Pain SMD (95% CI)—negative value favours treatment | |||
| M-Silvestrini | 0.41 (−0.13 to 0.95) | – | |
| Pain-free grip strength affected arm SMD (95% CI) | |||
| M-Silvestrini | −0.34 (−0.88 to 0.20) | ||
| Eccentric exercise and stretching vs no intervention (sham ultrasound, elbow support) overall improvement RR (95% CI)—RR>1 favours treatment | |||
| Selvanetti | – | − | 23.39 (3.38 to 161.70)* |
| Pain on Ko scale (larger value means less pain) SMD (95% CI) | |||
| Selvanetti | 4.45 (3.51 to 5.40)* | −4.65 (3.68 to 5.63) * | |
| Grip strength on Ko scale (larger value means greater strength) SMD (95% CI) | |||
| Selvanetti | 3.16 (2.40 to 3.92)* | −3.65 (2.82 to 4.47) * | |
*Statistically significant (p<0.05).