Table 2.
Association between low baseline vitamin D and blood pressure, pulse, diabetes, and coronary heart disease (CHD) 4 years after baseline (n = 1,957)
| High SBP ≥140mm Hg (n = 1,073) | High DBP ≥90mm Hg (n = 731) | High pulse ≥84 beats/minute (n = 397) | Hypertension SBP ≥140 or DBP ≥90mm Hg (n = 1,203) | Diabetes (n = 121) | CHD (n=306) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI)a | OR (95% CI)b | OR (95% CI)a | OR (95% CI)b | OR (95% CI)a | OR (95% CI)b | OR (95% CI)a | OR (95% CI)b | OR (95% CI)a | OR (95% CI)b | OR (95% CI)a | OR (95% CI)b | ||
| Baseline 25(OH)D, nmol/L | No. | ||||||||||||
| ≥25 | 439 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 25≥37 | 451 | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) | 1.1 (0.6–1.9) | 1.0 (0.5–1.7) | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | 0.9 (0.6–1.4) |
| 37≥50 | 466 | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | 0.7 (0.6–1.0) | 0.7 (0.5–0.9) | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) | 1.0 (0.6–1.7) | 0.9 (0.5–1.6) | 0.9 (0.7–1.4) | 1.0 (0.6–1.4) |
| 50≥80 | 470 | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 0.8 (0.6–1.0) | 0.7 (0.6–1.0) | 0.6 (0.5–0.9) | 0.7 (0.5–0.9) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 0.9 (0.5–1.6) | 0.9 (0.5–1.6) | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | 1.1 (0.7–1.6) |
| ≥80 | 131 | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | 0.9 (0.6–1.4) | 0.7 (0.5–1.1) | 0.7 (0.4–1.0) | 0.6 (0.4–1.0) | 0.6 (0.4–1.1) | 1.1 (0.7–1.6) | 1.0 (0.6–1.5) | 1.0 (0.4–2.3) | 1.0 (0.4–2.4) | 1.1 (0.7–1.9) | 1.3 (0.7–2.2) |
| P trend | 0.52 | 0.32 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.003 | 0.02 | 0.58 | 0.36 | 0.77 | 0.67 | 0.69 | 0.41 | |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; OR, odds ratio; SBP, systolic blood pressure; 25(OH)D, 25 hydroxyvitamin D.
aCrude OR and 95% CI (i.e., with no adjustment for confounding).
bAdjusted for age, education level, week of blood draw, laboratory of 25(OH)D analysis, number of years smoked, number of cigarettes smoked per day, alcohol intake, body mass index, and intakes of energy and calcium.