Table 2.
Distributions of Selected Characteristics and OBS Components Among Cases and Controls in 3 Case-Control Studies of Incident Sporadic Colorectal Adenoma (CPRU Study, 1991–1994; MAP I Study, 1994–1997; and MAP II Study, 2002)a
| CPRU Study |
MAP I Study |
MAP II Study |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases (n = 564) |
Controls (n = 1,202) |
Cases (n = 177) |
Controls (n = 179) |
Cases (n = 48) |
Controls (n = 119) |
|||||||
| Mean (SD) | % | Mean (SD) | % | Mean (SD) | % | Mean (SD) | % | Mean (SD) | % | Mean (SD) | % | |
| Selected characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Age, years | 58 (10) | 53 (11)** | 58 (8) | 55 (9)** | 58 (9) | 53 (11)** | ||||||
| Male sex | 62 | 39** | 60 | 37** | 62 | 38** | ||||||
| College education or higher | 30 | 28 | 22 | 31 | 28 | 29 | ||||||
| Family history of colon or rectal cancer in first-degree relative | 14 | 17 | 20 | 36** | 15 | 19 | ||||||
| Regular (≥once/week) NSAID use | 9 | 19** | 24 | 35* | 13 | 22** | ||||||
| Regular (≥once/week) aspirin use | 20 | 26* | 35 | 34 | 24 | 28 | ||||||
| Mean total estrogen exposure (in women), years | 14 (19) | 21 (18)** | 16 (21) | 24 (20)** | 15 (19) | 22 (19)** | ||||||
| Current use of hormone therapy (in women) | 22 | 40** | 65 | 72 | 35 | 47** | ||||||
| Total energy intake, kcal/day | 2,091 (775) | 2,003 (718)* | 2,003 (758) | 1795 (677)** | 2,065 (771) | 1,961 (715)** | ||||||
| Total calcium intake, mg/dayb | 952 (446) | 990 (458) | 789 (380) | 859 (445) | 905 (434) | 964 (458)** | ||||||
| Total vitamin D intake, IU/dayb | 325 (245) | 350 (252)* | 321 (257) | 355 (306) | 324 (249) | 351 (263)* | ||||||
| Total folate intake, µg/dayb | 398 (219) | 442 (234)** | 435 (230) | 466 (251) | 409 (222) | 447 (238)** | ||||||
| Dietary fiber intake, g/day | 22 (7) | 22 (8) | 21 (8) | 20 (8) | 22 (7) | 22 (8) | ||||||
| OBS components | ||||||||||||
| Provitamin A carotenoid intake, IU/day | 9,822 (9,067) | 10,861 (10,330)* | 5,186 (4,203) | 5433 (4228) | 8,501 (8,255) | 9,779 (9,679)** | ||||||
| Lutein intake,c µg/day | 6.9 (6) | 7.5 (6)* | 3,669 (2,882) | 3211 (2817) | ||||||||
| Lycopene intake,c µg/day | 2.2 (2.3) | 2.2 (2.5) | 4,307 (3,817) | 4,507 (4,075) | ||||||||
| Vitamin C intake, mg/day | 246 (293) | 299 (312)** | 277 (346) | 275 (303) | 255 (310) | 294 (310)** | ||||||
| Vitamin E intake, mg-TE/day | 62 (143) | 83 (170)** | 74 (164) | 73 (147) | 66 (149) | 81 (166)** | ||||||
| ω-3 fatty acid intake (marine), g/day | 1.85 (1.48) | 1.88 (1.62) | 0.22 (0.20) | 0.22 (0.25) | 1.39 (1.45) | 1.55 (1.60)* | ||||||
| Flavonoid intake, mg/day | 228 (194) | 261 (250)** | 399 (355) | 388 (349) | 277 (262) | 286 (277) | ||||||
| Glucosinolate intake, mg/day | 14.9 (14.9) | 15.6 (16.2) | 20.5 (28.7) | 17.4 (14.2) | 16.5 (20.0) | 16.0 (15.8) | ||||||
| ω-6 fatty acid intake, g/day | 11.5 (3.6) | 10.8 (3.5)** | 11.9 (3.8) | 11.4 (4.8) | 11.6 (3.7) | 10.9 (3.8)** | ||||||
| Saturated fat intake, g/day | 11.9 (3.2) | 11.4 (3.1)** | 11.6 (3.1) | 11.5 (3.0) | 11.8 (3.2) | 11.4 (3.1)** | ||||||
| Dietary iron intake, mg/day | 18 (14) | 20 (16)* | 19 (17) | 22 (21) | 19 (15) | 21 (17)** | ||||||
| Current smoker | 21 | 13** | 34 | 15** | 25 | 14** | ||||||
| Former smoker | 47 | 40 | 40 | 37 | 45 | 40 | ||||||
| 1–6 alcoholic drinks/week | 17 | 18 | 35 | 36 | 22 | 21 | ||||||
| ≥7 alcoholic drinks/week | 40 | 26** | 23 | 14** | 35 | 23** | ||||||
| Body mass indexd | 27.4 (4.7) | 26.6 (4.9)** | 27.9 (6.3) | 27.8 (6.0) | 27.6 (5.2) | 26.8 (5.1)** | ||||||
| Waist:hip ratio | 0.93 (0.13) | 0.88 (0.12)** | 0.94 (0.12) | 0.89 (0.14)** | 0.93 (0.13) | 0.88 (0.12)** | ||||||
| Physical activity, MET-hours/week | 37 (39) | 35 (33) | 27 (19) | 28 (19) | 34 (35) | 33 (31) | ||||||
Abbreviations: CPRU, Cancer Prevention Research Unit; MAP, Markers of Adenomatous Polyps; MET, metabolic equivalent; NSAID, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug; OBS, oxidative balance score; SD, standard deviation; TE, tocopherol equivalents.
* P < 0.05; **P < 0.01 (based on t test or χ2 test).
a All nutrient data were adjusted for total energy intake.
b Diet plus supplements.
c For the CPRU Study, lutein and lycopene intake data were available as number of servings of lutein- and lycopene-rich fruits and vegetables.
d Weight (kg)/height (m)2.