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. 2013 Oct 10;110(44):17623–17630. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1316512110

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Fig. 5. — The leading intertwined Q ≠ 0 particle-hole instabilities of the cuprates (Methods). The ordering wavevector is in A and B and in C and D. The black arrows in Fig. 2B are approximately the ordering wavevectors. (E) The energy gap of CDW produced by the equal amplitude superposition of the charge density wave depicted in A–D. The phase of the superposition is taken to be +, +, −, −, and hence corresponds to a d-wave symmetry. (The energy gap associated with the +, +, +, + superposition of A–D is similar.) The charge density wave gap plotted in E is defined as the minimum energy gap of the mean-field Hamiltonian in Methods along the momentum cut normal to the Fermi surface but within the energy thin shell. The smallness of this combined order parameter near the nodes can give rise to the effect of Fermi arcs.

Inline graphic — The leading intertwined Q ≠ 0 particle-hole instabilities of the cuprates (Methods). The ordering wavevector is in A and B and in C and D. The black arrows in Fig. 2B are approximately the ordering wavevectors. (E) The energy gap of CDW produced by the equal amplitude superposition of the charge density wave depicted in A–D. The phase of the superposition is taken to be +, +, −, −, and hence corresponds to a d-wave symmetry. (The energy gap associated with the +, +, +, + superposition of A–D is similar.) The charge density wave gap plotted in E is defined as the minimum energy gap of the mean-field Hamiltonian in Methods along the momentum cut normal to the Fermi surface but within the energy thin shell. The smallness of this combined order parameter near the nodes can give rise to the effect of Fermi arcs.