Table 1.

The burden of vector-borne diseases endemic in South Sudan

Disease	Causative agent	Vector	Distribution	Burden	Intervention	References
Malaria	Plasmodium falciparum P. vivax	Anopheles gambiae, An. arabiensis, An. funestus	Countrywide	1.2 million cases in 2012	ITNs, IRS	[25]
Human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)	Trypanosoma brucei gambiense T. b. rhodesiense	Glossina fuscipes G. tachinoides, G. pallidipes, G. morsitans	Greater Equatoria Region, Jonglei state (Akobo County)	1-2 million people at risk	Introduce and maintain vector control (tsetse traps)	[26,27]
Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar)	Leishmania donovani	Phlebotomus orientalis P. martini	Unity, Jonglei, UN and EE	Cyclic (500 – 9,000 cases/year)	LLINs in highly endemic communities	[12,28]
Lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis)	Wuchereria bancrofti	Anopheles gambiae, An. arabiensis, An. funestus	Mapping not completed, but probably all ten states	Unknown	Large-scale distribution of LLINs for vector control	[28]
Loiasis	Loa loa	Chrysops silacea and C. dimidiata	Equatoria region; predominantly WE	Unknown	Large-scale distribution of LLINs for vector control	[12]
Onchocerciasis (River blindness)	Onchocerca volvulus	Simulium damnosum	Hyperendemic in WBEG, NBEG, Warrap, Lakes, WE, CE and parts of EE; Parts of Unity; Jonglei and UN	4.1 million at risk	Larvicides	[12,28]
Dracunculiasis (Guinea worm)	Dracunculus medinensis	Chrysops	All states except WE and Unity	3,618 cases in 2008, by June 2009, 1,188 cases reported	Water filtration and treatment of water sources	[28,29]
Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia)	Schistosoma haematobium S. mansoni	S. haematobium S. mansoni	Probably Warrab, Lakes, Unity and UN	Unknown	Molluscicides	[12,28]

Abbreviation of States: BN, Blue Nile, CE, Central Equatoria, EE, Eastern Equatoria, NBEG, North Bahr el Ghazal, UN, Upper Nile, WBEG, Western Bahr el Ghazal, WE, Western Equatoria.