Table 3.

List of repositioned drugs currently in different stages of clinical trial.

Drug	Original indication	New indication	Clinical trial stage	Ref.
Infectious Diseases
Anti-bacterial
PNU-100480	MRSA	Tuberculosis	Phase I clinical trail	[145]
Sulphamethaxazole + Trimethoprim	Generic antibacterial	Tuberculosis	Clinical use	[146]
Raloxifen	Osteoporosis + breast cancer	P. aeruginosa	Preclinical	[147]
Anti-protozoal
Astemizole	Antihistamine	Malaria	preclinical	[148]
Dapsone	Leprosy	Malaria	phase 3 completed	[117]
Amphotericin	Antifungal	Leishmaniasis	phase 3 completed	[117]
DB289	Pneumocystis	Malaria and African trypanosomiasis	phase 2 completed	[117]
Eflornithine	Cancer	African trypanosomiasis	phase 3 completed	[117]
Fosmidomycin	Urinary-tract infections	Malaria	phase 2 completed	[117]
Harmine	Cancer	Malaria	preclinical	[148]
Miltefosine	Cancer	Visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis	phase 2 completed	[117,149]
Paromomycin	Antiamebic	Visceral leishmaniasis	phase 4 completed	[117]
Pentamidine	Pneumonia (Pneumocystis carinii)	Trypanosomiasis and antimony-resistant leishmaniasis	phase 2 completed	[117]
Auranofin	Rheumatoid Arthritis	Amebiasis	Clinical use	[150]
Anti-parasitic
Closantel	Antihelminthic	Onchocerciasis	preclinical	[148]
Anti-prion disease
Quinacrine	Malaria	Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease	phase 2 completed	[117]
Others
Arsenic	Tuberculosis and syphilis	Acute promyelocytic leukemia	phase 2 completed, phase 3 active	[117]
Digoxin	Congestive heart failure and arrhythmia	Cancer	phase 1 completed, recruiting subjects for phase 2	[148]
Fumagillin	Antiamebic	Cancer (angiogenesis inhibitor)	preclinical	[117]
Gemcitabine	Antiviral	Cancer	phase 2 active	[149]
Itraconazole	Antifungal	Angiogenesis inhibitor	phase 2 active	[148]
Glefenine	Analgesic	Chemotherapeutics for tumor resistance	preclinical	[148]
Mycophenolic acid	Immunosuppresive drug	Angiogenesis inhibitor	phase 2 active	[148]
Nitroxoline	Urinary-tract infections	Angiogenesis inhibitor	preclinical	[148]
Retinoic acid	Acne	Acute promyelocytic leukemia	phase 2 completed	[117]
Riluzole	Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis	Melanoma and other cancers	phase 2 active	[148]
Thalidomide	Sedative / antiemetic	Cancer (angiogenesis inhibitor), erythema nodosum leprosum	phase 2 active	[117,149]
Bupropion	Antidepressant	Smoking cessation	phase 3 completed	[149]
Ceftriaxone	β-lactamase antibiotic	Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis	phase 3 completed	[117]
Dapoxetine	Antidepressant, analgesic	Premature ejaculation	phase 3 completed	[149]
Doxepin	Antidepressant	Insomnia, antipruritic	phase 2 completed	[149]
Duloxetine	Antidepressant	Urinary incontinence (stress-related)	phase 3 completed	[149]
Finasteride	Benign prostatic hyperplasia	Male baldness	phase 3 completed	[149]
Fluoxetine	Antidepressant	Premenstrual dysphoria	phase 4 completed	[149]
Hydroxychloroquine	Antiparasitic	Arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus	recruiting subjects for phase 3	[149]
Milnacipran	Antidepressant	Fibromyalgia	phase 3 completed	[149]
Minocycline	Antibiotic	Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis	phase 3 completed	[117]
Mycophenolate mofetil	Immunosuppresive drug (transplant rejection)	Renal symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus	phase 3 completed	[149]
Naltrexone	Opioid addiction	Alcohol withdrawal	phase 4 completed	[149]
Pioglitazone	Type-II diabetes	Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis	phase 2 completed	[149]
Raloxifene	Breast cancer	Osteoporosis	phase 3 completed	[149]
Ropinirole	Antihypertensive	Parkinson's disease, restless legs syndrome	phase 3 completed	[149]