Table 1. Demographic information of participants.
| Individual group assignmenta | Age, years | Gender | Severity of injury (AIS) | Neurological level of injury | Duration of injury, years | UE sensory score (light touch) (C5-T1) | UE sensory score (pin prick) (C5-T1) | UE motor score (C5-T1) | Participant identification |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control, Uni, SS | 40-49 | M | C | C4 | 1-4 | 18 | 9 | 23 | 14 |
| Control, Uni, SS | <30 | M | C | C5 | ≥10 | 20 | 12 | 24 | 15 |
| Control, Uni, SS | <30 | M | C | C6 | 1-4 | 18 | 15 | 31 | 16 |
| Control, Uni, SS | <30 | M | A | C7 | 5-9 | 18 | 12 | 44 | 23 |
| Control, Uni, FES | <30 | F | D | C6 | 1-4 | 17 | 16 | 35 | 13 |
| Control, Bi, SS | ≥50 | M | C | C6 | ≥10 | 20 | 12 | 36 | 21 |
| Control, Bi, SS | ≥50 | M | B | C6 | ≥10 | 20 | 20 | 25 | 17 |
| Control, Bi, SS | 30-39 | F | C | C7 | 1-4 | 20 | 19 | 34 | 6 |
| Control, Bi, FES | ≥50 | F | B | C7 | 1-4 | 16 | 11 | 32 | 19 |
| Control, Bi, FES | 40-49 | M | D | C5 | 5-9 | 20 | 17 | 38 | 20 |
| Control, Bi, FES | 40-49 | M | B | C6 | 1-4 | 20 | 11 | 25 | 24 |
| Control, Bi, FES | <30 | M | A | C7 | 1-4 | 15 | 14 | 39 | 5 |
| Control, Bi, FES | ≥50 | M | D | C4 | 1-4 | 8 | 10 | 23 | 9 |
| Intervention, Uni, SS | ≥50 | F | C | C3 | 1-4 | 17 | 7 | 23 | 2 |
| Intervention, Uni, SS | 40-49 | F | D | C3 | 1-4 | 17 | 11 | 37 | 12 |
| Intervention, Uni, SS | <30 | M | D | C5 | 1-4 | 20 | 20 | 36 | 22 |
| Intervention, Uni, FES | <30 | M | D | C7 | 1-4 | 11 | 10 | 33 | 7 |
| Intervention, Uni, FES | <30 | M | B | C7 | 1-4 | 18 | 17 | 36 | 11 |
| Intervention, Uni, FES | 40-49 | M | D | C4 | 5-9 | 11 | 9 | 44 | 18 |
| Intervention, Bi, SS | 40-49 | M | C | C6 | 1-4 | 11 | 6 | 19 | 3 |
| Intervention, Bi, SS | 40-49 | F | C | C4 | ≥10 | 17 | 13 | 26 | 4 |
| Intervention, Bi, SS | ≥50 | M | C | C6 | 1-4 | 15 | 10 | 26 | 8 |
| Intervention, Bi, FES | ≥50 | F | D | C6 | 5-9 | 18 | 19 | 33 | 10 |
| Intervention, Bi, FES | ≥50 | M | D | C4 | 1-4 | 14 | 14 | 25 | 1 |
Note: Nineteen participants completed the study: 3 participants did not meet the inclusion criteria (participants 12, 20, and 23) and 2 did not complete the study (participants 21 and 24). All causes of injury were traumatic. American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale = AIS; F = female; M = male; UE = upper extremity.
aControl or intervention group (Control/Intervention), unimanual or bimanual training (Uni/Bi), and somatosensory stimulation or functional electrical stimulation (SS/FES).