Table 3.
| Any Substance Use | Any Alcohol Use | Heavy Alcohol Used | Any Marijuana Use | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Individual—Demographics | ||||||||
| Age (reference: 15-16) | ||||||||
| 12-14 | 0.70* | .52, .96 | .48** | .27, .84 | .42** | .23, .79 | .92 | .68, 1.25 |
| 17-18 | 1.22 | .94, 1.59 | 1.28 | .85, 1.91 | 1.20 | .79, 1.80 | 1.04 | .81, 1.35 |
| Race/Ethnicity (reference: White) | ||||||||
| Black | .87 | .60, 1.26 | .52** | .35, .77 | .32*** | .20, .51 | 1.19 | .83,1.73 |
| Latino | 1.10 | .80, 1.52 | 1.07 | .77, 1.49 | .84 | .60, 1.19 | .97 | .70, 1.34 |
| Mixed/Othere | 1.20 | .85, 1.69 | 1.02 | .72, 1.44 | .88 | .61, 1.26 | 1.28 | .92, 1.80 |
| Female | .49*** | .38, .65 | .52*** | .39, .69 | .41*** | .30, .56 | .53*** | .40, .70 |
| Homeless | .95 | .60, 1.51 | 1.03 | .65, 1.63 | 1.19 | .74, 1.90 | 1.15 | .73, 1.79 |
| Individual—Clinical | ||||||||
| General Victimization Scale (GVS)f (reference: Low) | ||||||||
| Moderate | 1.15 | .84, 1.56 | 1.22 | .89, 1.69 | 1.01 | .60, 1.71 | .99 | .61, 1.61 |
| High | 1.44** | 1.09, 1.90 | 1.51** | 1.14, 2.00 | .97 | .63, 1.50 | 1.05 | .70, 1.58 |
| Depressiong | 1.30 | .96, 1.76 | 1.29 | .95, 1.75 | 1.36 | .99, 1.87 | 1.29 | .96, 1.73 |
| Anxietyh | 1.10 | .72, 1.66 | .92 | .62, 1.37 | .77 | .51, 1.17 | 1.01 | .68, 1.49 |
| ADHDi | 1.04 | .80, 1.36 | .96 | .73, 1.26 | .96 | .72, 1.28 | 1.00 | .77, 1.29 |
| Conduct Disorderj | 1.21 | .93, 1.58 | 1.27 | .97, 1.66 | 1.33* | 1.00, 1.76 | 1.23 | .95, 1.60 |
| Individual--Behavioral | ||||||||
| Truancy (reference: 31+ Days in School)k | ||||||||
| < 31 Days in School | 1.40** | 1.10, 1.80 | 1.45** | 1.14, 1.85 | 1.35* | 1.05, 1.74 | 1.32* | 1.04, 1.67 |
| Peer Pressurek | .88 | .68, 1.14 | .90 | .70, 1.16 | 1.25 | .96, 1.64 | .96 | .75, 1.23 |
| Criminal Justice Involvementm | .87 | .68, 1.11 | .79 | .62, 1.02 | .94 | .72, 1.23 | .83 | .65, 1.06 |
| Substance Use Problems (SPSM)n (reference: Low) | ||||||||
| Medium | 1.07 | .69, 1.66 | 1.33* | 1.00, 1.77 | 1.34 | .98, 1.82 | 1.29 | .98, 1.71 |
| High | 2.02** | 1.24, 3.30 | 1.57** | 1.15, 2.12 | 1.56** | 1.13, 2.15 | 1.94*** | 1.42, 2.63 |
| Baseline Outcomeso | ||||||||
| Any Substance Use | 2.56*** | 1.71, 3.81 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Alcohol Use | -- | -- | 3.23*** | 2.51, 4.17 | 3.19*** | 2.39, 4.27 | -- | -- |
| Marijuana Use | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 2.58*** | 1.89, 3.51 |
| Treatment Characteristics&Interactions | ||||||||
| Engaged (reference: Not Engaged)a | .60** | .41, .87 | .63** | .45, .87 | .53** | .33, .86 | .64* | .45, .93 |
| Age 12-14 × Engage | -- | -- | 1.48 | .74, 2.95 | 1.63 | .75, 3.54 | -- | -- |
| Age 17-18 × Engage | -- | -- | 1.42 | .84, 2.39 | 1.38 | .81, 2.37 | -- | -- |
| GVS Moderate × Engage | -- | -- | -- | -- | .86 | .43, 1.72 | 1.12 | .60, 2.07 |
| GVS High × Engage | -- | -- | -- | -- | 1.39 | .80, 2.41 | 1.34 | .81, 2.22 |
| SPSM Medium × Engage | 1.64 | .95, 2.83 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| SPSM High × Engage | 1.17 | .65, 2.09 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Variance Partitions | ||||||||
| Site | .0171 | .0196 | .0199 | .0193 | ||||
| Staff | .0170 | .0222 | .0133 | .0234 | ||||
Note:
p≤.05,
p≤.01.
p≤.001. Dashes indicate that a specific variable is not included in the model.
The Washington Circle Engagement is at least two additional outpatient treatment services within 30 days after the initiation date (Garnick et al, 2009).
Self-reported use of the indicated substance for the 90 days prior to six-months post-intake assessment.
n = 1,491
Heavy alcohol use: reported either being drunk or consumed 5 or more drinks in a day.
Mixed/Other: Native American (3.4%), Asian (1.4%), Pacific Islander (0.2%), mixed (14.3%) and other (0.9%).
General Victimization Scale (GVS): Count of types of lifetime victimization including physical, emotional and sexual), and the number of traumagenic factors involved (including origination, duration, type and relation of perpetrator, etc.). Low is none, Moderate is 1-3, and High is 4+.
Major Depressive Disorder in the 12 months preceding intake.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder in the 12 months preceding intake.
ADHD required clients to endorse six or more symptoms in the 12 months preceding intake related to (a) inattention, (b) hyperactivity/impulsivity, or (c) both inattentive and hyperactive type.
Past-year Conduct Disorder required three or more endorsed symptoms in the 12 months preceding the intake assessment.
In school less than 31 days in the 90 days prior to intake.
Fears old friends will try to get him/her to drink or use drugs again.
Involved in criminal justice system at the time of intake.
Substance Use Problems Scale (SPSM): Count of the number of 16 types of problems related to substance use that client endorses in the month prior to intake. Low is none, Medium is 1-3, and High is 4+.
Self-reported indicated substance use at intake and for the prior 90 days.