Table 4.

Association of Engagement^a With Problem Behaviors at Six Months Follow-up.

	Illegal Activitiesbc		Trouble Controlling Behaviorde
	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
Individual--Demographics
Age (reference: 15-16)
12-14	1.15	.83, 1.59	.68	.40, 1.14
17-18	.69*	.52, .92	.51***	.34, .76
Race/Ethnicity (reference: White)
Black	.71	.38, 1.34	.91	.62, 1.32
Latino	.92	.55, 1.56	.93	.67, 1.29
Mixed/Otherf	.81	.46, 1.41	.91	.65, 1.29
Female	.60**	.44, .81	.65**	.50, .86
Homeless	.96	.59, 1.55	1.13	.72, 1.78
Individual--Clinical
General Victimization Scale (GVS)g (reference: Low)
Moderate	1.57**	1.12, 2.20	.86	.53, 1.41
High	1.40*	1.03, 1.90	1.20	.80, 1.81
Depressionh	1.28	.94, 1.76	1.04	.78, 1.40
Anxietyi	.91	.61, 1.37	1.47	.98, 2.19
ADHDj	1.31	.98, 1.73	1.73***	1.33, 2.24
Conduct Disorderk	1.17	.88, 1.57	--	--
Individual--Behavioral
Truancy (past 90 days)l (reference: 31+ Days in School)
< 31 Days in School	1.10	.85, 1.43	1.14	.90, 1.45
Peer Pressurem	1.05	.81, 1.37	1.04	.81, 1.33
Criminal Justice Involvementn	1.23	.94, 1.61	.72**	.57, .92
Substance Use Problems (SPSM)o (reference: Low)
Medium	1.38*	1.01, 1.87	1.11	.85, 1.46
High	1.43*	1.03, 1.98	1.23	.92, 1.65
Baseline Outcomesp
Illegal Activities (Baseline and 90 days prior)	1.96***	1.51, 2.55	--	--
Trouble Controlling Behavior (Baseline and 90 days prior)		--	2.07***	1.57, 2.73
Treatment Characteristics & Interactions
Engageda (reference: Not Engaged)	.86	.55, 1.34	.70	.46, 1.07
Age 12-14 × Engage	--	--	2.03*	1.07, 3.85
Age 17-18 × Engage	--	--	1.31	.78, 2.20
Black × Engage	1.34	.60, 3.00	--	--
Latino × Engage	.86	.46, 1.59	--	--
Other × Engage	1.56	.78, 3.10	--	--
GVS Mod × Engage	--	--	1.31	.71, 2.45
GVS High × Engage	--	--	1.44	.87, 2.39
Variance Partitions
Site	.0283		.0252
Staff	.0206		.0193

Note:

^*p≤Note:. 05,

^**p≤.01,

^***p≤. 001. Dashes indicate that a specific variable is not included in the model.

^aThe Washington Circle Engagement is at least two additional outpatient treatment services within 30 days after the initiation date (Garnick et al., 2009).

^bSelf-reported illegal activities (things that “might get them in trouble or be against the law besides using alcohol or other drugs”) for the 90 days prior to six-months post-intake assessment.

^cn = 1,485.

^dSelf-reported trouble paying attention, controlling behavior, or following rules for the 90 days prior to six-months post-intake assessment.

^en = 1,488

^fMixed/Other: Native American (3.4%), Asian (1.4%), Pacific Islander (0.2%), mixed (14.3%) and other (0.9%).

^gGeneral Victimization Scale (GVS): Count of types of lifetime victimization including physical, emotional and sexual), and the number of traumagenic factors involved (including origination, duration, type and relation of perpetrator, etc.). Low is none, Moderate is 1-3, and High is 4+.

^hMajor Depressive Disorder in the 12 months preceding intake.

ⁱGeneralized Anxiety Disorder in the 12 months preceding intake.

^jADHD required clients to endorse six or more symptoms in the 12 months preceding intake related to (a) inattention, (b) hyperactivity/impulsivity, or (c) both inattentive and hyperactive type.

^kPast-year Conduct Disorder required three or more endorsed symptoms in the 12 months preceding the intake assessment.

^lIn school less than 31 days in the 90 days prior to intake.

^mFears old friends will try to get him/her to drink or use drugs again.

ⁿInvolved in criminal justice system at the time of intake.

^oSubstance Use Problems Scale (SPSM): Count of the number of 16 types of problems related to substance use that client endorses in the month prior to intake. Low is none, Medium is 1-3, and High is 4+.

^pSelf-reported indicated problem behaviors at intake and for the prior 90 days.