Table 3.
Cox Proportional Hazard Coefficients (Standard Errors) for Interactions among Race/Ethnicity, Perceived Stress, and Health Behaviors, on the Risk of Death, U.S. Adults, 1990–2006.a
| Panel A: Cigarette Smoking | p-value | BIC Improvementb | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Race/Ethnicity [White is referent] | ||||
| Black | 0.067 (0.053) | |||
| Hispanic | 0.009 (0.059) | |||
| Perceived Stress | 0.002 (0.020) | |||
| Cigarette Smoking [referent is never smokers] | ||||
| Current packs smoked | 0.581*** (0.037) | |||
| Former packs smoked | 0.099*** (0.029) | |||
| Interactions | ||||
| Stress * current packs | 0.019** (0.008) |
|
0.003 | 11.23 |
| Stress * former packs | 0.050** (0.020) | |||
| Black * current packs | 0.137 (0.127) |
|
0.003 | 6.44 |
| Black * former packs | 0.118*** (0.046) | |||
| Hispanic * current packs | −0.151*** (0.057) | |||
| Hispanic * former packs | 0.104 (0.085) | |||
|
| ||||
|
Panel B: Alcohol Consumption
| ||||
| Race/Ethnicity [White is referent] | ||||
| Black | −0.035 (0.035) | |||
| Hispanic | −0.057 (0.095) | |||
| Perceived Stress | 0.027* (0.014) | |||
| Alcohol Consumption | ||||
| Drinks in last 2 weeks^.5 | −0.169*** (0.024) | |||
| Drinks in last 2 weeks^1.5 | 0.035*** (0.004) | |||
| Interactions | ||||
| Black * drinks^.5 | 0.306*** (0.049) |
|
<0.001 | 15.74 |
| Black * drinks^1.5 | −0.050*** (0.009) | |||
| Hispanic * drinks^.5 | 0.152 (0.241) | |||
| Hispanic * drinks^1.5 | −0.032 (0.055) | |||
|
| ||||
|
Panel C: Physical Inactivity
| ||||
| Race/Ethnicity [White is referent] | ||||
| Black | 0.457* (0.255) | |||
| Hispanic | 0.713 (0.553) | |||
| Perceived Stress | 0.027* (0.014) | |||
| Physical inactivity | 0.183*** (0.019) | |||
| Interactions | ||||
| Black * inactivity | −0.073* (0.043) |
|
0.244 | 6.68 |
| Hispanic * inactivity | −0.156 (0.121) | |||
|
| ||||
|
Panel D: Usual Sleep Hours in a 24 Hour Period
| ||||
| Race/Ethnicity [White is referent] | ||||
| Black | −1.545 (0.986) | |||
| Hispanic | −0.222 (1.657) | |||
| Perceived Stress | 0.027* (0.015) | |||
| Sleep hours | ||||
| Sleep | −0.965*** (0.158) | |||
| Sleep^1.5 | 0.251*** (0.042) | |||
| Interactions | ||||
| Black * sleep | 0.774* (0.418) |
|
<0.001 | 7.69 |
| Black * sleep^1.5 | −0.198** (0.101) | |||
| Hispanic * sleep | 0.093 (0.772) | |||
| Hispanic * sleep^1.5 | −0.023 (0.199) | |||
Note:
*
p < 0.10;
**
p < 0.05;
***
p < 0.01 (two-tailed tests).
a
All models adjust for the socioeconomic and sociodemographic variables and for the main effects of all other health behavior variables (not shown)
b
This column shows the improvement in the BIC over a model that excludes the specified interaction terms.