Table 1.

Bivariate and multivariate discrete time survival analysis models predicting the risk of initiating inhalants: Main effects (n = 3,215)

	Bivariate discrete time survival analysis models			Multivariate discrete time survival analysis models
Variable	OR	[95% CI]	p	OR	[95% CI]	p
Time-invariant covariates
Age				1.43	[1.11, 1.59]	<.001
Female				0.98	[0.68, 1.40]	.904
Race (ref. = White)
African American				1.38	[0.48, 3.96]	.548
Hispanic				1.24	[0.68, 2.25]	.476
Asian				0.82	[0.40, 1.66]	.598
Other				1.03	[0.51, 2.07]	.927
Mother’s education				0.80	[0.65, 0.99]	.045
Individual time-variant covariates
Drug refusal self-efficacy	0.75	[0.66, 0.84]	<.001	0.32	[0.25, 0.40]	<.001
Self-rated popularity	1.48a	[1.20, 1.82]	<.001	1.34	[1.08, 1.65]	.007
Family time-variant covariates
Familism	0.71	[0.62, 0.82]	.017	0.85	[0.52, 1.38]	.511
Parental respect	0.84	[0.73, 0.96]	.010	0.63	[0.37, 1.08]	.094
Adult substance use	1.24b	[1.11, 1.39]	<.001	1.81	[1.17, 2.78]	.007
Have an older sibling	1.37b	[0.90, 2.08]	.142	2.40	[1.17, 4.96]	.018
Have an older sibling who uses alcohol or marijuana	6.38	[3.22, 12.65]	.001	3.61	[1.40, 9.27]	.008
Peer time-variant covariates
Perceived substance use among peers	1.08a	[1.03, 1.14]	.005	1.25	[1.12, 1.40]	<.001
Offers of substances by peers	16.93	[10.62, 29.97]	<.001	7.71	[4.16, 14.31]	<.001
Peer approval of substance use	2.07	[1.53, 3.91]	<.001	1.74	[1.35, 2.23]	<.001

Notes: OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; ref. = reference.

^aSignificant interaction with time;

^bsignificant linear change in effect over time.