Table 1. Demographic characteristics of participants by T2DM status.
| Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Status | |||||
| All participants | Controls | Cases | P value | ||
| N = 51,464 | N = 50,160 | N = 1,304 | |||
| Age (mean ±SD, years) | 54.1±9.3 | 54.1±9.3 | 55.7±9.3 | <0.0001 | |
| BMI (mean±SD, Kg/m2) | 23.6±3.1 | 23.5±3.0 | 25.8±2.9 | <0.0001 | |
| BMI<25 (%) | 68.5 | 69.3 | 39.0 | <0.0001 | |
| Overweight (25≤BMI<30; %) | 29.3 | 28.6 | 53.2 | ||
| Obese (BMI ≥30; %) | 2.3 | 2.1 | 7.8 | ||
| WHR (mean±SD) | 0.90±0.06 | 0.90±0.06 | 0.93±0.05 | <0.0001 | |
| Family History of Diabetes (%) | 16.5 | 16.2 | 27.1 | <0.0001 | |
| Hypertension (%) | 24.5 | 24.0 | 43.6 | <0.0001 | |
| Education (%) | 0.03 | ||||
| None/Elementary | 5.6 | 5.5 | 6.3 | ||
| Middle school | 33.7 | 33.7 | 36.8 | ||
| High school | 37.5 | 37.6 | 34.3 | ||
| College and above | 23.2 | 23.2 | 22.6 | ||
| Income (%) | 0.40 | ||||
| <500 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 13.1 | ||
| 500–999 | 41.6 | 41.8 | 39.7 | ||
| 1,000–1,999 | 35.2 | 35.1 | 37.3 | ||
| >1,999 | 9.8 | 9.8 | 9.9 | ||
| Occupation (%) | 0.15 | ||||
| Professional | 25.3 | 25.3 | 26.5 | ||
| Clerical | 22.0 | 22.0 | 23.5 | ||
| Manual laborers | 52.7 | 52.8 | 50.0 | ||
| Currently Working (at baseline; %) | 65.9 | 66.0 | 61.9 | 0.002 | |
| Energy Intake (Kcal/day) | 1927.4±484.8 | 1926.9±484.3 | 1947.5±500.8 | 0.13 | |
| LPA Participation (%) | 32.9 | 32.9 | 32.8 | 0.97 | |
| Total Physical Activity (mean±SD,METs-h/y d) | 8.5±4.9 | 8.5±4.8 | 8.1±5.0 | 0.02 | |
| Smoking status (%) | 0.03 | ||||
| Never | 29.1 | 29.1 | 30.8 | ||
| Ex-smoker | 9.1 | 9.1 | 10.7 | ||
| Current smoker | 61.8 | 61.8 | 58.5 | ||
| Drinking status (%) | 0.001 | ||||
| Never | 66.0 | 65.9 | 68.5 | ||
| Ex-drinker | 3.6 | 3.5 | 4.8 | ||
| Current drinker | 30.5 | 30.6 | 26.7 | ||
T-tests were used for continuous variables; chi-square tests were used for categorical variables.