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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Nov 4.
Published in final edited form as: J Diabetes Metab. 2012 Aug 29;3:10.4172/2155-6156.1000213. doi: 10.4172/2155-6156.1000213

Table 1.

Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and the association of cardio-metabolic traits with 25(OH)D.

Combined Males (52.6%) Females (47.4%)
Trait Deficient Sufficient p value* Deficient Sufficient p value* Deficient Sufficient p value*
(<50nmol/L) (≥50nmol/L) (<50nmol/L) (≥50nmol/L) (<50nmol/L) (≥50nmol/L)
Prevalence (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
  Total (n=1,765) 75.8 24.2 p<0.0001 78.3 21.7 p<0.0001 72.6 27.4 p<0.0001
  Type 2 Diabetes 83.51 16.5 p<0.0001 85 15 p<0.0001 81.6 18.4 p<0.0001
  Normoglycemic controls 68.01 32.7 p<0.0001 71.5 28.5 p<0.0001 63.5 36.5 p<0.0001
  BMI<23kg/m2 65.22 34.8 p<0.0001 68.7 31.3 p<0.0001 59.8 40.2 p=0.012
  BMI 23–27.5kg/m2 75.52,3 24.5 p<0.0001 80.2 19.8 p<0.0001 68.6 31.4 p<0.0001
  BMI>27.5kg/m2 81.43 18.6 p<0.0001 82.4 17.6 p<0.0001 80.4 19.6 p<0.0001
  Hypertensive (>140/85) 78.24 21.8 p<0.0001 81.8 18.2 p<0.0001 73.8 26.2 p<0.0001
  Non-Hypertensive 72.84 27.2 p<0.0001 74.1 25.9 p<0.0001 71.6 28.4 p<0.0001
β (95% CI) p value β (95% CI) p valued β (95% CI) p valued
  Type 2 Diabetes −0.41 (−0.5, −0.3) 2.8×10−20a −0.5 (−0.6, −0.4) 4.9×10−17 −0.3 (−0.4, −0.2) 3.6×10−7
Metabolic Traits
  Fasting Glucose (mg/dL) −0.18 (−0.3,−0.03) 0.022b −0.01 (−0.04, 0.01) 0.31 −0.03 (−0.5, −0.003) 0.03
  Fasting Insulin (µIU/mL) 0.04 (−0.01, 0.09) 0.145b 0.006 (0.07, 0.08) 0.89 0.08 (0.002, 0.2) 0.044
  C Peptide (ng/mL) 0.09 (0.02,0.1) 0.017b 0.002 (0.1, 0.1) 0.97 0.21 (0.09, 0.3) 4.9×10−4
  Amylin (pg/mL) 0.019 (−0.002,0.04) 0.071b 0.004 (0.03, 0.03) 0.82 0.04 (0.009, 0.06) 0.009
  HOMA-B 0.17 (0.09,0.2) 8.0×10−6b 0.09 (0.001, 0.19) 0.05 0.2 (0.1, 0.3) 1.4×10−5
Obesity
  BMI (kg/m2) −0.71 (−0.9, −0.4) 1.4×10−7c −0.6 (−0.9, −0.3) 3.8×10−4 −0.8 (−1.2, −0.4) 8.7×10−5
Cardiovascular Traits
  Systolic BP (mmHg) −1.68 (−2.9, −0.4) 0.006b −3.2 (-4.9, −1.5) 1.8×10−4 −1.0 (−2.9, 0.7) 0.23
  Diastolic BP (mmHg) 0.32 (0.3,0.9) 0.35b 0.2 (1.2, 0.8) 0.75 0.3 (0.6, 1.2) 0.56
  Pulse Pressure mmHg) −1.85 (−2.8, −0.9) 1.2×10−4b −3.1 (−4.3, −1.8) 2.3×10−6 −1.0 (−2.4, 0.4) 0.17

Prevalence *Chi-square analysis:

1

T2Dvs Normoglycemic (p<0.0001);

2

BMI<23 vs BMI 23–27.5 (p<0.0001);

3

BMI 23–27.5 vs BMI>27.5 (p<0.0001);

4

Hypertensive vs Non-Hypertensive (p<0.0001);

Multiple Regression a Logistic regression adjusted for BMI, age, gender;

b

Linear regression adjusted for T2D, age, BMI and gender;

c

Linear regression adjusted for T2D, age and gender;

d

Gender was excluded as co-variant