Table 4. Relative risk of childhood overweight and obesity at age 12 months stratified by maternal gestational weight gain and pre-pregnancy body mass index.
| IOM categories# |
P for trend | Total | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inadequate | Adequate | Excessive | |||
| weight-for-length | |||||
| Overweight* | |||||
| BMI<18.5 | 0.54 (0.43-0.68) | 0.64 (0.55-0.74) | 0.75 (0.64-0.89) | 0.014 | 0.63 (0.58-0.68) |
| 18.5≤BMI<24.0 | 0.91 (0.82-1.02) | 1.00 | 1.12 (1.05-1.20) | <0.001 | 1.00 |
| 24.0≤BMI<28.0 | 1.08 (0.66-1.79) | 1.00 (0.84-1.19) | 1.42 (1.31-1.53) | <0.001 | 1.30 (1.22-1.38) |
| BMI≥28.0 | 0.50 (0.14-1.78) | 1.11 (0.70-1.77) | 1.60 (1.43-1.79) | 0.054 | 1.49 (1.35-1.65) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Total | 0.87 (0.80-0.96) | 1.00 | 1.29 (1.23-1.36) | <0.001 | |
| Obesity* | |||||
| BMI<18.5 | 0.50 (0.38-0.66) | 0.54 (0.46-0.65) | 0.75 (0.62-0.90) | 0.009 | 0.58 (0.52-0.65) |
| 18.5≤BMI<24.0 | 0.88 (0.77-1.00) | 1.00 | 1.11 (1.02-1.20) | 0.001 | 1.00 |
| 24.0≤BMI<28.0 | 1.41 (0.79-2.51) | 1.19 (0.96-1.47) | 1.43 (1.31-1.57) | 0.195 | 1.35 (1.25-1.46) |
| BMI≥28.0 | 0.37 (0.05-2.85) | 1.31 (0.76-2.26) | 1.73 (1.52-1.97) | 0.164 | 1.63 (1.45-1.84) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Total | 0.85 (0.75-0.96) | 1.00 | 1.31 (1.23-1.40) | <0.001 | |
Data are OR (95% CI).
Adjusted for maternal age, maternal height, maternal gestational diabetes, maternal education, smoking, family income, maternal occupation, and mode of infant feeding.
* Overweight was defined as weight-for-length ≥85th percentile (≥1.035 Z score); Obesity was defined as weight-for-length ≥95th percentile (≥1.645 Z score); Sex-specific weight-for-length percentiles were based on WHO growth reference (World Health Organization, 2006).
# IOM categories: Inadequate (1): <12.5 kg (pre-pregnancy BMI <18.5 kg/m2), <11.5 kg (BMI 18.5- 23.9 kg/m2), <7 kg (BMI 24.0–27.9 kg/m2), and <5 kg (BMI >28 kg/m2); Adequate (1): 12.5–18 kg (BMI <18.5 kg/m2), 11.5–16 kg (BMI 18.5- 23.9 kg/m2), 7–11.5 kg (BMI 24.0–27.9 kg/m2), and 5–9 kg (BMI >28 kg/m2); Excessive (1): >18 kg (BMI <18.5 kg/m2), >16 kg (BMI 18.5- 23.9 kg/m2), >11.5 kg (BMI 24.0–27.9 kg/m2), and >9 kg (BMI >28 kg/m2), according to the Chinese maternal pre-pregnancy BMI classification standard and the 2009 IOM GWG recommendations.