Table 1.
Clinical, Anthropometrical, and Demographic Data of the 2 Study Groups.a
| Control | GDM | |
|---|---|---|
| Mothers | ||
| n | 14 | 9 |
| Maternal age, years | 32.6 ± 1.3 | 33.8 ± 1.2 |
| BMI before delivery,b kg/m2 | 29.1 ± 1.9 | 32.6 ± 0.8 |
| Gravida (n) | 2.2 ± 0.4 | 2.3 ± 0.3 |
| Parity (n) | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.3 |
| Mode of delivery | ||
| Vaginal, n (%) | 5 (36) | 4 (44) |
| Cesarean, n (%) | 9 (64) | 5 (56) |
| Therapeutics of GDM, n (%) | - | Nutritional: 5 (56) |
| Insulin: 4 (44) | ||
| Fasting blood glucose, mmol/Lc | ||
| All | 4.0 ± 0.1 | 4.5 ± 0.3d |
| GDM without insulin therapy | 4.4 ± 0.4 | |
| GDM with insulin therapy | 4.8 ± 0.3d | |
| HbA1C, %e | ||
| All | - | 5.4 ± 0.2 |
| GDM without insulin therapy | 5.2 ± 0.1 | |
| GDM with insulin therapy | 5.7 ± 0.3 | |
| Periconceptional FA use, n (%)f | 12 (86)g | 6 (67)h |
| Smokers, n (%) | 0 (0)i | 0 (0) |
| Infants | ||
| Gestational age at birth, weeksj | 39.4 ± 0.3 | 39.1 ± 0.3 |
| Birth weight, gk | 3226 ± 107 | 3383 ± 177 |
| Length, cml | 48.2 ± 0.4 | 49.4 ± 0.5 |
| SGA newborn, n (%)m | 1 (7) | 0 (0) |
| AGA newborn, n (%) | 11 (79) | 7 (78) |
| LGA newborn, n (%) | 2 (14) | 2 (22) |
| Placental weight, g | 594.4 ± 32.2 | 686.6 ± 47.6 |
| Gender, n (%) | Male: 3 (21) | Male: 3 (33) |
| Female: 11 (79) | Female: 6 (67) | |
| 5-Minute Apgar score | 9.3 ± 0.2 | 9.1 ± 0.2 |
Abbreviations: AGA, adequate for gestational age; BMI, body mass index; FA, folic acid; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; LGA, large for gestational age; SEM, standard error of the mean; SGA, small for gestational age.
aValues represent mean ± SEM.
bParameter unknown for 2 patients (one from each group).
cValues obtained at 24 to 28 weeks of gestation.
dSignificantly different from control (P < .05).
eValues obtained at 35 to 36 weeks of gestation. Parameter unknown for all the patients from control group.
fDosage and initiation period unknown.
gParameter unknown for 2 patients.
hParameter unknown for 3 patients.
iParameter unknown for 2 patients.
jGestational age: number of completed weeks at the time of delivery, determined by prenatal ultrasound at 11 to 13 weeks.
kBirth weight was evaluated to the nearest gram.
lLength was evaluated to the nearest tenth of a centimeter after birth.
mClassified according to the published reference standards.25