Table 1.
Main Characteristics of Cohort Studies Included in the Meta-Analysis, Arranged by Year of Publication
| Reference (year) | Country (study period) | Sex | Age (years) | Cases | Years of follow-up | Cohort size | DM assessment | Adjustments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jee et al.4 (2005) | Korea (1992–2002) | M | 30–95 | NA | 10 | 829,770 | Blood glucose level or medication use (type 2) | Age, smoking, and alcohol |
| Inoue et al.28 (2006) | Japan (1990–2003) | M/F | 40–79 | 105 M/30 F | 10.7 (mean) | 46,548 M/51,223 F | Self-report (type 1 and 2) | Age, study area, history of cerebrovascular disease, history of ischemic heart disease, smoking, ethanol intake, BMI, leisure-time physical activity, green vegetable intake, and coffee intake |
| Rapp et al.29 (2006) | Austria (1988–2001) | M | 35–54 | 11 (ICD-9) | 8.4 (mean) | 63,585 | Glucose levels (NA) | Age, smoking, occupational group, and BMI |
| Khan et al.30 (2006) | Japan (1988–1999) | M | 40–79 | 60 (ICD-10) | 11 | 23,378 | Self-report (NA) | Age, smoking, BMI, and alcohol |
| Larsson et al.11 (2008) | Sweden (1998–2007) | M | 45–79 | 414 (ICD-O-2) | 9.3 (mean) | 45,906 | Self-report (NA) | Age, education, smoking status, and pack-years of smoking |
| Ogunleye et al.31 (2009) | Scotland, United Kingdom (1993–2004) | M/F | All ages | 68 (ICD-10) | 1,417 days (mean) | 28,731 | Diagnosis of type 2 DM | Age, sex, and deprivation |
| Yood et al.32 (2009) | United States (2000–2004) | M/F | 18 years or older | 243 (ICD-9; procedure codes; treatment codes) | 4 | 442,512 | Diagnosis of type 2 DM medication use | Age, gender, schistosomiasis, and pelvic radiation |
| Tseng10 (2011) | Taiwan (2003–2005) | M/F | All ages | NA (ICD-9: 188) | 3 | 998,947 | Medical records (type 2) | Age, sex, nephropathy, urinary tract diseases, comorbidities, glucose-lowering drugs, living region, and occupation |
| Woolcott et al.33 (2011) | United States (1993–2004) | M/F | 45–75 | 818 (ICD-O-2: C-67) | 10.7 (mean) | 185,816 | Self-report (NA) | Age, ethnicity, sex, smoking, and employment |
| Atchison et al.34 (2011) | United States (1969–1996) | M | 18–100 | 19,300 (ICD A-8 and ICD 9-CM:188) | 10.5 vs. 11.9 (mean; men with vs. without diabetes) | 4,501,578 | Diagnosis of DM (NA) | Age, time, latency, race and number of visits, diagnoses of alcohol-related conditions, obesity and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
| Lo et al.35 (2012) | Taiwan (1996–2009) | M/F | NA | 4311 (ICD-9-CM: 188.0) | 14 | 1,790,868 | Medical records (type 2) | Sex, age, urbanization, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia |
| Newton et al.36 (2012) | United States (1992–2007) | M/F | NA | 1,852 (NA) | 15 | 172,791 | Self-report (exclusion if diagnosis <30 years) | Age, sex, race, BMI, smoking status, education, and alcohol intake |
| Prizment et al.37 (2013) | United States (1986–2010) | F | 55–69 | 277 (ICD-O-3:C670–679, 8120, 8122, 8123, or 8130) | 24 | 37,327 | Self-report (exclusion if diagnosis <30 years) | Age, BMI, WHR, education, smoking status, pack-years of smoking, occupation, marital status, physical activity, and alcohol use |
| Lai et al.38 (2013) | United States (1995–2006) | M/F | 50–71 | 4,331 (NA) | 11 | 494,867 | Self-report (type 1 and 2) | Age, sex, BMI, race/ethnicity, education, marital status, family history of cancer, self-reported health status, intake of red meat, white meat, fruits, vegetables, alcohol, and coffee, vigorous physical activity, physical activity at work, cigarette smoking, multivitamin use, and, for female-specific cancers, postmenopausal hormone therapy use |
BMI, body mass index; F, female; M, male; NA, not available; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio.