Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of 3303 CKD stages 3–5 patients by different Upcr degree
| Variable | All Patients (n=3303) | Upcr<1 g/g (n=1535) | Upcr≥1 g/g (n=1768) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 195.7±53.7 | 189.4±43.7 | 201.3±60.6 | <0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 42.4±13.8 | 42.9±13.5 | 42.0±14.1 | 0.08 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 112.9±38.8 | 111.6±34.4 | 114.1±42.1 | 0.06 |
| Non-HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 153.3±51.6 | 146.5±41.6 | 159.3±58.3 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol/HDL ratio | 5.0±2.1 | 4.8±1.9 | 5.2±2.2 | <0.001 |
| Demographics and medical history | ||||
| Age (yr) | 63.5±13.5 | 65.1±12.9 | 62.1±13.9 | <0.001 |
| Men (%) | 42.2 | 32.5 | 50.7 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 44.6 | 35.0 | 52.8 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension (%) | 67.1 | 61.9 | 71.7 | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease (%) | 26.4 | 23.1 | 29.4 | <0.001 |
| Current smoker (%) | 11.1 | 12.2 | 10.2 | 0.05 |
| Examination findings | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.7±4.0 | 24.9±4.0 | 24.6±4.0 | 0.01 |
| MAP (mmHg) | 100.0±13.8 | 97.4±12.6 | 102.3±14.4 | <0.001 |
| Renal function status | ||||
| CKD stage (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Stage 3 | 35.8 | 56.4 | 17.9 | |
| Stage 4 | 29.1 | 27.4 | 30.5 | |
| Stage 5 | 35.1 | 16.2 | 51.5 | |
| MDRD eGFR (ml/min per 1.73 m2) | 24.7±15.1 | 31.9±14.5 | 18.5±12.6 | <0.001 |
| CKD-EPI eGFR (ml/min per 1.73 m2) | 23.4±14.9 | 30.2±14.4 | 17.4±12.6 | <0.001 |
| Upcr (mg/g) | 1118.3 (408.6–2521.3) | 375.6 (186.2–660.9) | 2350.0 (1494.5–4542.5) | <0.001 |
| Laboratory data | ||||
| Albumin (g/dl) | 3.8±0.5 | 4.0±0.4 | 3.6±0.6 | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 10.9±2.4 | 11.9±2.3 | 10.0±2.0 | <0.001 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 1.2 (0.4–5.4) | 1.0 (0.3–4.0) | 1.4 (0.5–6.7) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.5±1.6 | 6.3±1.4 | 6.6±1.7 | <0.001 |
| Uric acid (mg/dl) | 7.9±2.0 | 7.8±1.9 | 8.0±2.0 | 0.010 |
| Total calcium (mg/dl) | 9.1±0.8 | 9.3±0.7 | 8.9±0.8 | <0.001 |
| Phosphate (mg/dl) | 4.4±1.3 | 4.0±1.0 | 4.9±1.3 | <0.001 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dl) | 126.5 (91–184) | 118 (86–169.8) | 135 (96–193) | <0.001 |
| Malnutrition or inflammation (%) | 23.8 | 21.5 | 25.8 | 0.003 |
| Medication prescription | ||||
| Statin (%) | 32.7 | 28.8 | 36.1 | <0.001 |
| Fibrate (%) | 8.3 | 7.6 | 8.9 | 0.15 |
| ACEI (%) | 25.8 | 27.5 | 24.3 | 0.03 |
| ARB (%) | 39.7 | 36.9 | 42.2 | 0.002 |
| Other antihypertension drugs | 45.8 | 43.9 | 47.5 | 0.04 |
| Days of follow-up (d) | 1082 (650–1708) | 1099 (706–1690.5) | 1066 (608.8–1733) | 0.04 |
Data expressed as mean ± SD, median (interquartile range), or percentage. Malnutrition or inflammation was defined as lower serum albumin<3.5 mg/dl or C-reactive protein>10 mg/L. Upcr, urine protein-to-creatinine ratio; BMI, body mass index; MAP, mean arterial pressure; MDRD, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease; eGFR, estimated GFR; CKD-EPI, CKD Epidemiology Collaboration; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker.