Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of 3303 CKD stages 3–5 patients according to quartiles of total cholesterol by different Upcr degree
| Variable | Upcr<1 g/g | Upcr≥1 g/g | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quartile 1 (<162 mg/dl; n=397) | Quartile 2 (162–191 mg/dl; n=425) | Quartile 3 (191–221 mg/dl; n=410) | Quartile 4 (≥221 mg/dl; n=303) | P for Trend | Quartile 1 (<162 mg/dl; n=421) | Quartile 2 (162–191 mg/dl; n=409) | Quartile 3 (191–221 mg/dl; n=422) | Quartile 4 (≥221 mg/dl; n=516) | P for Trend | |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 139.5±18.1 | 176.7±8.7 | 203.9±8.5 | 252.8±35.2 | <0.001 | 137.3±18.2 | 176.8±8.1 | 205.4±8.7 | 269.6±60.9 | <0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 36.8±10.9 | 42.3±12.0 | 45.3±14.5 | 48.2±14.1 | <0.001 | 36.1±11.6 | 40.2±12.1 | 43.9±14.3 | 46.8±15.0 | <0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 81.1±20.9 | 104.5±21.2 | 122.2±21.7 | 147.0±38.5 | <0.001 | 78.8±24.4 | 101.7±27.0 | 119.0±23.8 | 148.7±46.9 | <0.001 |
| Non-HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 102.7±19.6 | 134.3±14.6 | 158.6±16.6 | 204.6±36.3 | <0.001 | 101.2±19.4 | 136.5±13.6 | 161.5±16.4 | 222.9±61.4 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol/HDL ratio | 4.2±2.4 | 4.5±1.4 | 4.9±1.5 | 5.7±2.0 | <0.001 | 4.3±2.2 | 4.8±1.5 | 5.2±1.7 | 6.3±2.6 | <0.001 |
| Demographics and medical history | ||||||||||
| Age (yr) | 65.9±13.3 | 65.7±12.9 | 64.8±13.2 | 63.7±11.8 | 0.02 | 65.0±13.2 | 62.1±14.2 | 62.3±13.9 | 59.4±13.7 | <0.001 |
| Men (%) | 22.2 | 29.6 | 37.1 | 43.9 | <0.001 | 43.2 | 46.7 | 52.6 | 58.3 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 42.1 | 31.5 | 33.2 | 33.3 | 0.02 | 50.6 | 53.3 | 52.8 | 54.3 | 0.31 |
| Hypertension (%) | 63.5 | 63.5 | 60.5 | 59.4 | 0.19 | 70.8 | 72.9 | 72.3 | 70.9 | 0.95 |
| Cardiovascular disease (%) | 26.7 | 24.5 | 21.5 | 18.5 | 0.006 | 33.5 | 30.3 | 28.4 | 26.0 | 0.01 |
| Current smoker (%) | 13.1 | 11.8 | 12.0 | 11.9 | 0.94 | 10.5 | 9.8 | 10.9 | 9.7 | 0.83 |
| Examination findings | ||||||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.7±4.2 | 25.1±3.6 | 24.8±3.8 | 25.1±4.5 | 0.32 | 24.0±3.9 | 24.5±3.9 | 24.7±4.0 | 24.9±4.0 | <0.001 |
| MAP (mmHg) | 95.6±12.8 | 96.7±11.9 | 98.5±13.4 | 99.0±11.7 | <0.001 | 99.0±14.3 | 101.7±14.4 | 102.7±14.3 | 104.9±14.0 | <0.001 |
| Renal function status | ||||||||||
| CKD stage (%) | 0.01 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| Stage 3 | 51.9 | 57.2 | 58.8 | 58.1 | 14.7 | 16.9 | 17.3 | 21.9 | ||
| Stage 4 | 27.5 | 27.8 | 25.6 | 29.4 | 24.9 | 32.3 | 29.1 | 34.9 | ||
| Stage 5 | 20.7 | 15.1 | 15.6 | 12.5 | 60.3 | 50.9 | 53.6 | 43.2 | ||
| MDRD eGFR (ml/min per 1.73 m2) | 30.1±14.7 | 32.6±14.4 | 32.6±14.4 | 32.3±14.2 | 0.05 | 16.6±11.5 | 18.2±12.0 | 18.0±12.7 | 20.5±13.5 | <0.001 |
| CKD-EPI eGFR (ml/min per 1.73 m2) | 28.3±14.7 | 30.9±14.3 | 31.0±14.4 | 30.9±14.2 | 0.02 | 15.4±11.4 | 17.0±11.9 | 17.0±12.7 | 19.7±13.8 | <0.001 |
| Upcr (mg/g) | 390.6 (193.7–669.0) | 356.7 (166.5–648.9) | 364.3 (179.3–673.6) | 384.6 (201.4–679.7) | 0.78 | 2010.4 (1428.3–3530.2) | 2238.7 (1391.1–3951.5) | 2213.5 (1444.1–4683.3) | 3090.3 (1763.8–5781.2) | <0.001 |
| Laboratory data | ||||||||||
| Albumin (g/dl) | 3.9±0.4 | 4.1±0.3 | 4.1±0.4 | 4.1±0.4 | <0.001 | 3.6±0.5 | 3.7±0.5 | 3.7±0.5 | 3.5±0.6 | 0.008 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 11.5±2.4 | 12.0±2.3 | 12.1±2.2 | 12.2±2.3 | <0.001 | 9.5±2.0 | 10.0±2.1 | 10.1±1.9 | 10.4±2.0 | <0.001 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 1.3 (0.3–5.4) | 1.0 (0.3–4.1) | 1.0 (0.4–3.6) | 0.8 (0.3–2.7) | 0.12 | 1.7 (0.5–10.0) | 1.6 (0.5–6.8) | 1.4 (0.5–6.2) | 1.1 (0.4–5.1) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.3±1.4 | 6.2±1.4 | 6.3±1.4 | 6.5±1.6 | 0.01 | 6.3±1.5 | 6.6±1.5 | 6.6±1.6 | 7.0±2.0 | <0.001 |
| Uric acid (mg/dl) | 7.9±1.9 | 7.7±1.9 | 7.7±1.8 | 7.9±2.0 | 0.95 | 8.0±1.9 | 8.0±2.2 | 8.1±2.0 | 7.9±1.8 | 0.53 |
| Total calcium (mg/dl) | 9.2±0.7 | 9.3±0.7 | 9.3±0.6 | 9.4±0.6 | <0.001 | 8.9±0.9 | 8.8±0.8 | 8.9±0.8 | 8.9±0.9 | 0.31 |
| Phosphate (mg/dl) | 4.0±1.1 | 3.9±0.9 | 3.9±0.9 | 4.1±1.0 | 0.30 | 4.8±1.3 | 4.8±1.3 | 4.9±1.3 | 4.9±1.4 | 0.24 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dl) | 99 (70.7–142) | 113.9 (86.6–160.2) | 123 (93–171.5) | 149.5 (100.3–228.8) | <0.001 | 103.5 (75–142) | 126 (90–171.7) | 135.5 (103–188.4) | 176.7 (129.3–253.1) | <0.001 |
| Malnutrition or inflammation | 24.4 | 18.6 | 22.0 | 21.1 | 0.49 | 31.1 | 24.9 | 24.4 | 23.4 | 0.01 |
| Medication prescription | ||||||||||
| Statin (%) | 27.7 | 24.5 | 28.5 | 36.6 | 0.008 | 29.9 | 35.7 | 37.2 | 40.7 | <0.001 |
| Fibrate (%) | 8.6 | 5.2 | 8.3 | 8.6 | 0.64 | 8.1 | 8.3 | 9.7 | 9.5 | 0.35 |
| ACEI (%) | 29.5 | 26.8 | 26.3 | 27.4 | 0.48 | 20.9 | 24.9 | 26.3 | 24.8 | 0.17 |
| ARB (%) | 39.0 | 39.8 | 33.4 | 34.7 | 0.07 | 42.0 | 47.7 | 41.5 | 38.6 | 0.09 |
| Other antihypertension drugs | 46.3 | 48.2 | 43.2 | 35.6 | 0.003 | 51.1 | 47.7 | 48.6 | 43.4 | 0.03 |
| Days of follow-up (d) | 1025 (637–1611) | 1152 (753.8–1710.5) | 1092.5 (696–1673.3) | 1181.5 (816.3–1771) | 0.009 | 916 (517–1599) | 1031 (614–1766) | 1230.5 (716.5–1772.8) | 1108.5 (634.8–1731.3) | <0.001 |
Data expressed as mean ± SD, median (interquartile range), or percentage. Malnutrition or inflammation was defined as lower serum albumin<3.5 mg/dl or C-reactive protein>10 mg/L. Upcr, urine protein-to-creatinine ratio; BMI, body mass index; MAP, mean arterial pressure; MDRD, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease; eGFR, estimated GFR; CKD-EPI, CKD Epidemiology Collaboration; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker.