Figure 1.

Targeting of signalling pathways. Tyrosine kinase receptors (IGF1-R (right panel) and others such as VEGFR, PDGFR, c-MET and so on (left panel)) are activated upon binding of their respective ligands to their extracellular domain. It subsequently leads to activation of various signalling pathways (PI3K/Akt/mTOR, Ras/RAF/MEK and so on) promoting malignancies. In red, are mentioned the main therapies based on targeting of tyrosine kinase proteins and on associated downstream signalling pathways. Multi-target inhibitors has been also developed (dual PI3K/mTOR, dual mTOR/DNA-PK, dasatinib and so on).