Table 2. Cross-sectional associations between inflammation and psychopathology at baseline (N=1369).

			Patients with depressive disorder (N=939)
	Healthy controls (N=430)		No lifetime manic symptoms at baseline (N=553)			Lifetime manic symptoms at baseline (N=386)
	Mean	(s.e.)	Mean	(s.e.)	Pa	Mean	(s.e.)	Pa	Pb
CRP (mg l−1)c	Reference group I		Reference group II
Men		N=167		N=163			N=146
Unadjusted	0.80	(1.08)	1.33	(1.11)	0.001	1.29	(1.10)	0.002	1.00
Basic adjustmentd	0.88	(1.09)	1.27	(1.09)	0.004	1.22	(1.10)	0.01	0.77
Full adjustmente	1.02	(1.09)	1.21	(1.08)	0.15	1.10	(1.09)	0.54	0.43
Women		N=263		N=390			N=240
Unadjusted	1.28	(1.07)	1.37	(1.07)	1.00	1.31	(1.08)	1.00	1.00
Basic adjustmentd	1.36	(1.08)	1.35	(1.06)	0.97	1.26	(1.08)	0.52	0.50
Full adjustmente	1.39	(1.08)	1.33	(1.06)	0.68	1.26	(1.08)	0.39	0.55
IL-6 (pg ml−1)c
Men		N=167		N=163			N=146
Unadjusted	0.66	(1.07)	0.88	(1.08)	0.01	0.94	(1.06)	0.002	1.00
Basic adjustmentd	0.79	(1.07)	0.85	(1.07)	0.04	0.91	(1.07)	0.009	0.54
Full adjustmente	0.75	(1.07)	0.83	(1.07)	0.33	0.86	(1.07)	0.19	0.66
Women		N=263		N=390			N=240
Unadjusted	0.74	(1.06)	0.78	(1.05)	1.00	0.70	(1.07)	1.00	0.66
Basic adjustmentd	0.76	(1.06)	0.77	(1.05)	0.95	0.70	(1.06)	0.29	0.22
Full adjustmente	0.79	(1.06)	0.75	(1.05)	0.52	0.69	(1.06)	0.16	0.30
TNF-α (pg/ml)c
Men		N=167		N=163			N=146
Unadjusted	0.85	(1.05)	0.88	(1.04)	1.00	0.88	(1.05)	1.00	1.00
Basic adjustmentd	0.87	(1.04)	0.87	(1.04)	0.94	0.87	(1.05)	0.95	0.90
Full adjustmente	0.89	(1.05)	0.86	(1.04)	0.61	0.86	(1.05)	0.58	0.93
Women		N=263		N=390			N=240
Unadjusted	0.81	(1.04)	0.82	(1.03)	1.00	0.86	(1.05)	0.98	1.00
Basic adjustmentd	0.82	(1.04)	0.81	(1.03)	0.84	0.85	(1.04)	0.53	0.38
Full adjustmente	0.83	(1.04)	0.80	(1.03)	0.53	0.86	(1.05)	0.64	0.23

^aCompared with reference group I (healthy controls).

^bCompared with reference group II (persons with depressive disorder and without manic symptoms).

^cTo normalize inflammation parameters, CRP, IL-6 and TNF-α were ln-transformed; for interpretation the means and standard errors were back transformed.

^dBased on analyses of covariance adjusted for age and education.

^eBased on analyses of covariance additionally adjusted for childhood trauma, smoking status, alcohol intake, body mass index, physical activity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, number of other chronic diseases, anti-inflammatory drug and statin use.