. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Nov 5.

Published in final edited form as: Ophthalmology. 2009 Jul 9;116(10):10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.03.046. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.03.046

Table 4.

Age-related Macular Degeneration and Incident Cardiovascular Disease

	No.	Age Range (yrs)	Follow-up (yrs)	AMD Status	HR of CHD (95% CI)^a	HR of Stroke (95% CI)^a
US Medicare data³⁵	1,445,677	≥65	2	Late	1.19 (1.16–1.22)	—
US Medicare data⁴³	1,303,186	≥65	2	Late	—	1.21 (1.18–1.23)
ARIC Study^18,19	10,000+	51–72	10	Early	1.08 (0.82–1.42)	1.85 (1.19–2.87)
				Late	3.10 (1.15–8.31)	—
Blue Mountains Eye Study²⁰	3654	≥49	11	Early	2.32 (1.03–5.19)^b	—
				Late	5.57 (1.35–22.99)^b,^c	10.2 (2.39–43.6)^b,^c
Beaver Dam Eye Study²¹	4926	43–84	14	Early or late	0.95 (0.87–1.07)	0.97 (0.75–1.23)
Cardiovascular Health Study	1786	69–97	7	Early	1.57 (1.17–2.22)	1.05 (0.69–1.58)
				Late	0.78 (0.25–2.48)	1.43 (0.45–4.54)

AMD = age-related macular degeneration; CHD = coronary heart disease; ARIC = Atherosclerosis In Community Study; HR = hazard ratio; CI = confidence interval.

Multivariable hazard ratios of CHD or stroke (CHD or stroke mortality for the Blue Mountains Eye Study and Beaver Dam Eye Study).

Only in persons aged < 75 yrs.

Age and gender adjusted only.