Table 2.
Factors associated with poor glycaemic control after adjustment
| Characteristic | HbA1c > 9.0% (75 mmol/mol) |
HbA1c > 8.0% (64 mmol/mol) |
HbA1c > 7.0% (53 mmol/mol) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age at diagnosis | |||
| <65 years | 3.22 (1.54, 6.72) | 2.72 (1.43, 5.16) | 1.92 (1.18, 3.11) |
| ≥65 years (referent) | 1.0 (−) | 1.0 (−) | 1.0 (−) |
| Sex | |||
| Male (referent) | |||
| Female | 0.75 (0.46, 1.21) | 0.60 (0.40, 0.89 | 0.79 (0.60, 1.04) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| Non-Hispanic white (referent) | 1.0 (−) | 1.0 (−) | 1.0 (−) |
| Non-Hispanic black | 2.63 (1.83, 3.76) | 2.16 (1.57, 2.96) | 1.34 (0.91, 1.97) |
| Hispanic | 2.43 (1.49, 3.94) | 2.01 (1.28, 3.18) | 1.63 (1.02, 2.60) |
| Other/multiracial | 0.86 (0.31, 2.36) | 0.62 (0.24, 1.56) | 0.64 (0.27, 1.51) |
| Insurance | |||
| No insurance | 2.74 (1.44, 5.22) | 1.68 (1.00, 2.83) | 1.18 (0.76, 1.84) |
| Private (referent) | 1.0 (−) | 1.0 (−) | 1.0 (−) |
| Medicare | 0.71 (0.33, 1.52) | 0.56 (0.33, 0.96) | 0.81 (0.53, 1.22) |
| Other public | 1.16 (0.59, 2.31) | 0.85 (0.50, 1.45) | 0.80 (0.52, 1.24) |
| Family income, % federal poverty level | 1.06 (0.89, 1.25) | 0.93 (0.81, 1.06) | 1.06 (0.94, 1.19) |
| Education | |||
| <High school | 1.00 (0.58, 1.74) | 0.94 (0.60, 1.48) | 1.54 (1.04, 2.30) |
| High school diploma | 0.61 (0.33, 1.11) | 0.68 (0.43, 1.08) | 1.04 (0.64, 1.70) |
| Some college or higher (referent) | 1.0 (−) | 1.0 (−) | 1.0 (−) |
| Family history of diabetes | 1.62 (0.98, 2.68) | 1.11 (0.73, 1.68) | 0.89 (0.62, 1.28) |
| BMI category | |||
| Underweight | 0.84 (0.07, 10.26) | 0.35 (0.03, 4.24) | 0.44 (0.04, 4.35) |
| Normal (referent) | 1.0 (−) | 1.0 (−) | |
| Overweight | 1.42 (0.67, 3.00) | 1.14 (0.62, 2.09) | 1.03 (0.59, 1.80) |
| Obese | 0.65 (0.23, 1.87) | 0.92 (0.45, 1.85) | 1.26 (0.61, 2.62) |
| Waist circumference, cm | 1.01 (0.98, 1.03) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.01) |
| No usual place of care | 2.08 (1.10, 3.93) | 1.88 (0.92, 3.83) | 1.65 (0.75, 3.66) |
| Duration of diabetes, years | 1.00 (0.98, 1.03) | 1.01 (1.00, 1.03) | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) |
| Hyperglycaemia medications | |||
| None | 0.66 (0.32, 1.35) | 0.61 (0.33, 1.13) | 0.55 (0.37, 0.83) |
| Metformin only (referent) | 1.0 (−) | 1.0 (−) | 1.0 (−) |
| Sulfonylurea only | 0.85 (0.26, 2.84) | 1.44 (0.54, 3.86) | 0.72 (0.40, 1.30) |
| Mixed oral medications | 1.45 (0.72, 2.93) | 1.77 (1.01, 3.10) | 1.30 (0.92, 1.85) |
| Insulin with or without other medications | 4.12 (1.70, 10.02) | 5.04 (2.42, 10.51) | 4.52 (2.73, 7.49) |
Values are adjusted OR (95% CI). Results represent adjustment for all variables listed in table