Table 1.

Groups are matched on a wide array of demographic criteria, including: sex, age, intelligence, hearing, educational attainment, and levels of current exercise (RM-ANOVAs, all p > 0.15)^a

Criterion	None (0 years; N = 15)	Little (1–3 years; N = 14)	Moderate (4–14 years; N = 13)
Number of females	6	9	9
Age (years)	63.56 (3.76)	65.46 (4.54)	65.15 (5.46)
IQ (standard score)	120.40 (8.09)	118.69 (8.44)	122.38 (5.37)
IQ-verbal (t-score)	63.13 (7.18)	63.42 (6.13)	62.41 (5.07)
IQ-nonverbal (t-score)	58.13 (10.25)	58.91 (6.77)	62.75 (4.69)
PTA (dB HL; average hearing 0.5–4 kHz)	20.61 (11.51)	17.19 (11.39)	24.95 (8.90)
Click V latency (ms)	6.25 (0.32)	5.98 (0.49)	5.97 (0.33)
Education	3.47 (0.64)	3.23 (0.56)	3.77 (0.44)
Exercise levels	2.62 (1.39)	2.81 (0.98)	2.90 (1.19)
Years of music training		1.71 (0.61)	8.14 (3.68)
Years since music training		52.01 (4.10)	47.46 (6.92)

^aMeans are reported with SDs. PTA, Pure-tone average hearing threshold (dB HL) measured bilaterally from 0.5 to 4 kHz. Refer to Materials and Methods for information on how education and exercise were rated.