Table 2.

Estrogen receptor (ER) status of the most commonly used cell lines in breast cancer research.

Summary of literature on the six botanicals ability to influence the seven steps of the estrogen carcinogenesis pathway. Descriptions of experiments and conclusions can be found in the botanical modulation of estrogen carcinogenesis section.

		BIOACTIVATION			DETOXIFICATION
	ER Selectivity	Aromatase	CYP1B1	CYP1A1	COMT	NQO1	GST	ANTIOXIDANT
Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa)	No effect [10]	No Effect [23]	↑ [27,28]	↑ [27,28]	?	↑ [40]	?	Yes [55]
Red Clover (Trifolium pretense)	β [12]	↓ [17,18] ↑ [19]	↓ [30]	↑ [34] ↓ [35]	↓ [35,38]	↑ [41,42] ↓ [35]	No Effect [42]	Weak [60]
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabara) (Glycyrrhiza uralensis)	β [13,14]	↓ [20]	?	↑ [36]	?	↑ [43–45]	↑ [44,45,50]	Yes [56–58]
Hops (Humulus lupulus)	α [12]	↓ [21,22]	↓ [29]	↓ [29]	No Effect [29]	↑ [46,47]	?	Weak [46]
Dong Gui (Angelica sinensis)	No effect [10]	?	?	?	?	↑ [48]	↓ [53]	Weak [48]
Ginger (Zingiber officinale)	?	?	?	?	?	↑ [49]	↑ [51,52]	Yes [59]