Table 5.

Identification of differentially expressed metabolites in the urine that may account for the discrimination between normal and model rats.

No.	Metabolites	Formula	Obsd. [M + H]+/[M − H]− (m/z)	Content variancec	FCd	P e value
1	Cholic acid	C24H40O5	407.2804a	↑	1.56	0.035
2	2-Phenylethanol glucuronide	C14H18O7	297.0954a	↓	−1.69	0.026
3	Hippuric acid	C9H9NO3	178.0491a	↓	−1.81	0.040
4	3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol sulfate	C9H12O7S	263.0221c	↑	2.53	0.025
5	5-Dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucarate	C6H8O7	191.0168a	↑	2.40	0.016
6	5α-Tetrahydrocortisol	C21H34O5	365.2316a	↑	3.70	0.023
7	6-Hydroxy-5-methoxyindole glucuronide	C15H17NO8	340.1016b	↓	−3.79	0.012
8	2,8-Dihydroxyquinoline-beta-D-glucuronide	C15H15NO8	338.0847b	↓	−2.42	0.028
9	Normeperidinic acid glucuronide	C18H23NO8	382.1497b	↓	−3.21	0.037
10	13,14-dihydro PGF2α	C20H36O5	357.2724b	↑	2.01	0.028

^aObserved at ES⁻ mode [M − H]⁻; ^bobserved at ES⁺ mode [M + H]⁺ .

^c↑: content increased; ↓: content decreased.

^dFold change was calculated as the ratio of the mean metabolite levels between two groups. A positive value of fold change indicates a relatively higher concentration of metabolites while a negative value of fold change indicates a relatively lower concentration of metabolites in model rats as compared to normal rats.

^e P values were calculated from two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test with a threshold of 0.05.