Fig. 3. The biosynthetic pathway of ginsenoside in Panax ginseng. FPP, farnesyl diphosphate, SS, squalene synthase; SE, squalene epoxidase; PNX, cycloartenol synthase; PNY1, oxidosqualene cyclase 1; PNY2, oxidosqualene cyclase 2; DDS, dammarenediol synthase; NAR, non-irradiated adventitious root; MAR, mutated adventitious root.