Fig. 4. The expression of genes related to ginsenoside biosynthesis in the mutated adventitious root (MAR). NG, native ginseng; NAR, non-irradiated adventitious root; SS, squalene synthase; SE, squalene epoxidase; PNX, cycloartenol synthase; PNY1, oxidosqualene cyclase 1; PNY2, oxidosqualene cyclase 2; DDS, dammarenediol synthase.