Table 2.
Direction of association between neighbourhood, route and school variables and active travel, stratified by distance to school
| Overall sample | Distance to school <1km | Distance to school >1km | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Environmental attributes | Cycle to school n=186 Direction |
Walk to school n=805 Direction |
Cycle to school n=89 Direction |
Walk to school n=533 Direction |
Cycle to school n=97 Direction |
Walk to school n=272 Direction |
| Neighbourhood characteristics | ||||||
| Road outside child’s home (A/B/minor= referent) | − n.s | + n.s | + n.s | + n.s | − n.s | + n.s |
| Road density (lowest density=referent) | − n.s | + * | − n.s | + n.s | − * | +* |
| Proportion of primary (A) roads (lowest proportion= referent) | n.s | − ** | − * | − n.s | − n.s | − n.s |
| Building density (lowest density=referent) | − n.s | + n.s | − * | + n.s | − ** | + ** |
| Streetlight density (lowest density=referent) | − ** | + n.s | − ** | − n.s | − n.s | + ** |
| Traffic accidents per km of roads (none =referent) | − n.s | − n.s | + n.s | + n.s | − n.s | + n.s |
| Pavement density (lowest density =referent) | − n.s | + n.s | − n.s | + n.s | + n.s | − n.s |
| Effective walkable area (lowest connectivity=referent) | + n.s | + * | − n.s | + n.s | + n.s | + ** |
| Connected node ratio (low connectivity=referent) | − n.s | − ** | − n.s | − n.s | − ** | − ** |
| Junction density (lowest density= referent) | + n.s | − * | + n.s | + n.s | + n.s | − ** |
| Land use mix (highest mix= referent) | + * | − n.s | + n.s | − n.s | + n.s | − n.s |
| Socioeconomic deprivation (least deprived= referent) | − ** | − ** | − ** | − n.s | − n.s | − * |
| Urban-rural status (urban= referent) | − n.s | − ** | + * | − n.s | − ** | − ** |
|
| ||||||
| Route characteristics | ||||||
| Streetlight density(lowest density=referent) | − * | + n.s | − n.s | − n.s | − n.s | + ** |
| Traffic accidents per km of route (none =referent) | − n.s | −n.s | + n.s | − n.s | − n.s | − n.s |
| Main road en route (no =referent) | − n.s | − ** | − n.s | + n.s | − n.s | + n.s |
| Main or Secondary road en route (no =referent) | − n.s | − n.s | − n.s | − n.s | − n.s | + n.s |
| Route length ratio (low directness=referent) | − n.s | − ** | + n.s | +** | − n.s | − ** |
| Percentage of route within an urban area (<100%= referent) | + n.s | + ** | − n.s | − n.s | + n.s | + n.s |
| Land use mix (highest mix= referent) | + * | − n.s | + n.s | − n.s | + n.s | − n.s |
|
| ||||||
| School characteristics | ||||||
| Travel plan (no=referent) | + ** | + ** | + n.s | + ** | − n.s | − * |
| Walking bus (no= referent) | + n.s | − n.s | + n.s | + n.s | + n.s | − n.s |
| ‘Walk to school’ initiative (no=referent) | + n.s | + ** | + ** | + ** | + n.s | − n.s |
| Pedestrian training (no=referent) | − n.s | + n.s | + n.s | − n.s | − n.s | + * |
| Entrances for pedestrians/cyclists (No= referent) | − * | − n.s | + n.s | + n.s | − n.s | + * |
| Lollypop person (no=referent) | + n.s | − n.s | + n.s | −n.s | + n.s | −n.s |
| Land use mix around the school (Single land use =referent) | − n.s | − n.s | + n.s | + n.s | − n.s | + ** |
| Pavements (none = referent) | − n.s | − * | − n.s | + n.s | + n.s | − n.s |
| On road /shared cyclepaths (no=referent) | + ** | − n.s | + n.s | + n.s | + n.s | − n.s |
| Traffic calming (no=referent) | + n.s | − n.s | − n.s | + n.s | − n.s | + * |
| Pedestrian crossing (no=referent) | − n.s | + n.s | − n.s | + n.s | + n.s | + ** |
Direction indicates direction of association (+ = positive association, − = negative association) when variables tested for trend, n.s.= not statistically significant
*
=p<0.05
**
=p<0.01
All associations are adjusted for child age, gender, BMI, parental car access, maternal travel mode to work and journey length.