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. 2013 Nov 7;4:174. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2013.00174

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Copyright © 2013 Ovechkin, Vitaz, Terson de Paleville and McKay.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Voluntary elbow flexion and extension (top) and wrist extension (bottom) in a representative non-injured subject and a person with motor-incomplete SCI (Subject #4). Muscles shown are Ipsilateral (Ipsi) and contralateral (Contr) upper trapezius (UT), biceps brachi (BB), triceps brachi (TB), wrist extensors (WE), and wrist flexors (WF). Vector analysis of surface EMG produced magnitude (Mag) and similarity index (SI) values shown for each task. Horizontal bars denote the 5-s cuing tone and analysis window. Note the presence of antagonist muscle contractions and the greater degree of ipsilateral and contralateral muscle co-activation in the SCI subject patterns compared to those of the non-injured subject.