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. 2013 Oct;15(10):1151–1160. doi: 10.1593/neo.131304

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Tumor cell lines are unable to use the de novo pathway to generate NAD. (A) Two metabolites (tryptophan and kynurenine) in the de novo pathway were detected in our metabolomic profiling, and their relative levels in control cells or cells exposed to GNE-618 for 6 and 24 hours are shown (n = 5 ± SD). Key metabolites in the de novo salvage pathway are shown in the pathway diagram along with the enzymes that catalyze each step. (B) Calu-6 cells were incubated with 200 nM GNE-618 and a dose titration of tryptophan, quinolinate, or NMN, for 96 hours, and cell viability was assessed (CyQUANT readout; average ± SD, n = 2). (C) HCT-116, PC-3, and A2780 cells were incubated with 200 nM GNE-618 and a dose titration of tryptophan, quinolinate, or NMN, for 96 hours, and cell viability was assessed (CyQUANT readout; average ± SD, n = 3).