Table 1.

Experimental Therapeutics in AD

Adaptive immunotherapy
Allergen-specific immunotherapy (targeting allergen-specific T- and B-cells)
Experimental innate immune system & barrier therapeutics
Oral Vitamin D supplementation (increase AMP production) Probiotics (restore microbial balance) Topical protease inhibitors
Biologics targeting the adaptive immune system
Anti-IgE therapies (Omalizumab) B-cell targeting (Rituximab) T-cell targeting (Alefacept*, Efalizumab*) Th2 cytokine product targets: IL-4 receptor inhibition (Pitrakinra, Pascolizumab, REGN668) IL-13 inhibition Anti-IL5 (Mepolizumab) Anti-IL-31 Th2 recruitment/activation inhibitors: Targets include TSLP and OX40 signaling Target Th22 or Tc22 cells (Anti-IL-22) Inhibition of Th17/IL-12/IL-23 pathway: IL-17 cytokine and receptor antagonists (Ixekinumab, Brodalumab, AIN457) IL-23 inhibitors (MK-3222) p40 inhibitors (Ustekinumab) Restoration of balance between Th1- and Th2 response (IFNγ administration) IL-6 receptor inhibitors (Tocilizumab) Anti-TNF reagents (Etanercept, Infliximab, Adalimumab
Non-biologic therapies targeting the adaptive immune system
PDE4 inhibitors (Apremilast) PPARγ agonists (Thiazolidinediones) Chymase inhibitors (SUN-C8257)
Potential future biologic therapies and targets
JAK kinase inhibitors to block γc signaling involved in IL-4 signal transduction (Tofacitinib, Ruxolitinib) Cytokines that promote T-cell differentiation and survival Chemokines that are increased in the skin and blood of AD patients (including CCL17/TARC and CCL22/MDC)