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Proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses to endotoxin. Red asterisk: immunological mechanisms described for Polymyxin-B hemoperfusion in this review; TLR: toll-like receptor; IL: interleukin; Treg: T regulatory lymphocytes; TNFα: tumor necrosis factor alpha; HMGB1: high mobility group box protein 1; PAF: platelet activator factors; PAI: plasminogen activator inhibitor; ALI: acute lung injury.
