Table 1.
Participant characteristics at time of blood collection by dataset.
| Characteristic | Training | Testing | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Mean (SD 1) or % | n | Mean (SD) or % | |
| Age (years) | 2787 | 58.6 (6.9) | 1393 | 58.5 (6.8) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 2787 | 25.6 (4.5) | 1393 | 25.5 (4.6) |
| Multivitamin use | 1116 | 40 | 578 | 41 |
| β-carotene supplement use | 72 | 3 | 30 | 2 |
| Premenopausal | 458 | 16 | 216 | 16 |
| Postmenopausal, no HT 1 | 1077 | 39 | 567 | 41 |
| Postmenopausal, HT | 1013 | 36 | 500 | 36 |
| Unknown menopausal status or HT | 239 | 9 | 110 | 8 |
| Daily dietary intake (μg) 2 | ||||
| α-carotene | 2787 | 776 (496) | 1393 | 799 (509) |
| β-carotene | 2787 | 4397 (2193) | 1393 | 4442 (2208) |
| Supplemental β-carotene, 1990 | 2787 | 360 (1253) | 1393 | 372 (1134) |
| β-cryptoxanthin | 2787 | 183 (92) | 1393 | 184 (94) |
| Lutein/zeaxanthin | 2787 | 2955 (1635) | 1393 | 2950 (1630) |
| Lycopene | 2787 | 6336 (3219) | 1393 | 6321 (3200) |
| Total carotenoids | 2787 | 14,646 (5452) | 1393 | 14,697 (5560) |
| Plasma biomarker concentration 3 | ||||
| α-carotene | 2784 | 74 (50) | 1387 | 74 (52) |
| β-carotene | 2706 | 291 (207) | 1358 | 289 (212) |
| β-cryptoxanthin | 2780 | 84 (46) | 1390 | 83 (43) |
| Lutein/zeaxanthin | 2786 | 187 (74) | 1391 | 181 (68) |
| Lycopene | 2775 | 425 (176) | 1384 | 419 (177) |
| Total carotenoids | 2702 | 1080 (403) | 1356 | 1062 (394) |
| Plasma cholesterol (mg/dL) | 2494 | 218 (39) | 1258 | 217 (40) |
1 Standard deviation (SD), hormone therapy (HT); 2 Energy-adjusted; 3 Plasma carotenoids (μg/L) adjusted for age, case-control status, body mass index, plasma cholesterol, menopausal status, and post-menopausal hormone use by the residual method.