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. 2013 Nov 20;25(10):1339–1342. doi: 10.1589/jpts.25.1339

Table 2. The factors associated with parenting stress of mothers.

Variables Parenting Stress
Mean (SD)
Child Sex Male 146.56 (33.85)
Female 139.49 (30.13)
Age Less than 24 months 143.23 (32.81)
Between 24–72 months 139.91 (34.20)
More than 72 months 144.96 (30.89)
Term of disability * Less than 1 year 145.00 (31.49)
Between 1–3 years 139.39 (36.12)
Between 3–5 years 127.20 (32.17)
More than 5 years 148.33 (29.74)
Severity of disability ** Mild 125.57 (33.05)
Average severity 143.97 (31.57)
Very severe 152.12 (28.01)
Mother Age Less than 30 years of age 131.43 (26.42)
More than 30 years of age 142.77 (32.05)
Level of education* High school graduate or lower 149.67 (32.52)
University graduate or higher 138.74 (31.29)
Family income ** Less than 1,000,000 KRW 165.63 (18.21)
Between 1,000,000–3,000,000 KRW 148.99 (31.67)
Between 3,000,000–5,000,000 KRW 138.78 (28.95)
More than 5,000,000 KRW 127.96 (38.20)
Health conditions ** very unhealthy 142.71 (42.57)
unhealthy 155.41 (33.58)
healthy 145.46 (30.83)
very healthy 129.78 (28.21)

* p<0.05, ** p<0.01