Table 3.
Representative compounds with potency to trigger and aggravate ER stress.
| Compound | Mechanism linking to induction of ER stress | References |
|---|---|---|
| Thapsigargin, celecoxib, DMC | (i) Inhibition of SERCA activity (ii) Ensuing calcium imbalance |
[209, 246, 250, 368, 369] |
|
| ||
| A-23187, ionomycin | (i) Calcium ionophores: stimulation of Ca2+ flux (ii) Ensuing calcium imbalance |
[208, 370, 371] |
|
| ||
| Tunicamycin | (i) Glycosylation inhibitor (ii) Ensuing obstruction of protein folding |
[372, 373] |
|
| ||
| 2-Deoxyglucose | (i) Hexokinase/glycolysis inhibitor (ii) Ensuing obstruction of protein folding |
[208, 374, 375] |
|
| ||
| 2-Mercaptoethanol, Dithiothreitol | (i) Reducing agents (ii) Disruption of disulphide bonds |
[376, 377] |
|
| ||
| Geldanamycin | (i) HSP90 and GRP94 inhibitor (ii) Ensuing impairment of protein folding |
[378, 379] |
|
| ||
| Brefeldin A | (i) ADP-ribosylation factor inhibitor (ii) Impairment of protein trafficking |
[380, 381] |
|
| ||
| Bortezomib, Nelfinavir | (i) Protease and proteasome inhibitors (ii) Ensuing accumulation of terminally misfolded proteins |
[217, 219, 230, 233, 382–384] |