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Fleas involved in plague transmission in Madagascar: Synopsyllus fonquerniei female (1) and Synopsyllus fonquerniei male (3) are found on outdoor rats, whereas Xenopsylla cheopis female (2) and Xenopsylla cheopis male (4) live on indoor rats. Rat species involved in plague transmission in Madagascar: Rattus rattus (5) and Rattus norvegicus (6).
