Table 2. Resident analysis: household-level risk factors for visceral leishmaniasis, Humera, Tigray region, Ethiopia.
| Factor | Cases [n/N (%)] | Controls [n/N (%)] | Matched OR1 | 95% CI | P |
| Owns dog | 40/151 (26.5) | 72/302 (23.8) | 1.12 | 0.73–1.91 | 0.51 |
| Owns any cattle (cow, bull, calf) | 67/151 (44.4) | 140/302 (46.4) | 0.84 | 0.47–1.50 | 0.56 |
| Owns donkey | 50/151 (33.1) | 103/302 (34.1) | 0.94 | 0.565–1.551 | 0.80 |
| Owns goats | 51/151 (33.8) | 109/302 (36.1) | 0.89 | 0.58–1.38 | 0.61 |
| Owns radio | 82/151 (54.3) | 178/302 (58.9) | 0.82 | 0.55–1.23 | 0.33 |
| Has latrine | 84/150 (56.0) | 216/302 (71.5) | 0.49 | 0.32–0.75 | 0.0011 |
| Had bed net before case kala-azar onset | 62/151 (41.1) | 169/300 (56.3) | 0.45 | 0.28–0.72 | 0.0008 |
| Has functional bed net now | 100/130 (76.9) | 229/263 (87.1) | 0.50 | 0.27–0.90 | 0.0207 |
| Earthen walls | 62/151 (41.1) | 169/300 (56.3) | 0.45 | 0.28–0.72 | 0.0008 |
| Walls of thatched grass on wood frame | 40/151 (26.5) | 41/300 (13.7) | 4.45 | 2.14–9.28 | <0.0001 |
| Thatch roof | 56/150 (37.3) | 120/301 (39.9) | 0.86 | 0.54–1.37 | 0.53 |
| Earthen floor | 138/150 (92.0) | 282/300 (94.0) | 0.74 | 0.32–1.69 | 0.47 |
| House was ever sprayed (up to 40 years ago) | 39/149 (26.1) | 56/299 (18.7) | 1.72 | 1.04–2.86 | 0.04 |
| House sprayed 0–2 years before case onset | 13/151 (8.6) | 20/302 (6.6) | 1.32 | 0.64–2.73 | 0.45 |
| Owns land | 86/151 (57.0) | 177/302 (58.6) | 0.92 | 0.59–1.43 | 0.71 |
| Owns <4 hectares of land | 129/151 (85.4) | 264/302 (87.4) | 0.84 | 0.48–1.49 | 0.56 |
| Monthly expenditure <100 birr per person | 40/151 (26.5) | 36/302 (11.9) | 2.81 | 1.66–4.76 | <0.0001 |
| Household head can write his name | 89/148 (60.1) | 208/301 (69.1) | 0.69 | 0.46–1.03 | 0.07 |
| Household head can read | 88/150 (58.7) | 207/302 (68.5) | 0.66 | 0.44–0.98 | 0.04 |
| Head of house works as laborer | 41/150 (27.3) | 45/302 (14.9) | 2.47 | 1.44–4.25 | 0.0011 |
| Head of house left school before class 5 | 124/150 (82.7) | 209/302 (69.2) | 2.91 | 1.61–5.28 | 0.0004 |
| Head of household had no formal schooling | 61/150 (40.7) | 97/302 (32.1) | 1.41 | 0.95–2.09 | 0.09 |
| Family has 5 or more members | 75/147 (51.0) | 147/295 (49.8) | 1.05 | 0.70–1.59 | 0.81 |
1
Odds ratios (OR), 95% confidence intervals (CI) and p values derived from univariable conditional logistic regression models. Number and percentage for each factor provided for reference only.