Table 4. Migrant analysis: risk factors for visceral leishmaniasis in Humera, Tigray region, Ethiopia.
| Factor | Cases [n/N (%)] | Controls [n/N (%)] | Matched OR1 | 95% CI | P |
| HIV infection | 12/146 (8.2) | 8/276 (2.8) | 4.3 | 1.5–12.8 | 0.008 |
| Home is Amhara Region (compared to other regions) | 50/159 (31.5) | 62/318 (19.5) | 2.0 | 1.28–3.24 | 0.003 |
| Living in Humera for 1 year or more | 102/156 (65.4) | 157/309 (50.8) | 1.8 | 1.2–2.7 | 0.005 |
| Presence of cattle in workplace | 33/155 (21.3) | 50/297 (16.8) | 1.4 | 0.8–2.4 | 0.22 |
| Presence of donkey in workplace | 20/153 (13.1) | 41/295 (13.9) | 0.95 | 0.5–1.8 | 0.87 |
| Presence of goats in workplace | 24/156 (15.4) | 40/299 (13.4) | 1.2 | 0.7–2.2 | 0.54 |
| Presence of dogs in workplace | 31/154 (20.1) | 43/295 (14.6) | 1.6 | 0.9–2.7 | 0.11 |
| Slept near cattle | 19/153 (12.4) | 10/310 (3.2) | 3.7 | 1.7–8.0 | 0.0008 |
| Slept near donkey | 9/154 (5.8) | 6/308 (2.0) | 3.0 | 1.1–8.4 | 0.04 |
| Slept near goats | 11/153 (7.2) | 8/308 (2.6) | 2.9 | 1.1–7.4 | 0.04 |
| Slept near dogs | 13/152 (8.6) | 8/307 (2.6) | 3.5 | 1.4–8.9 | 0.008 |
| Termite mound within 5 meters of sleeping place | 36/136 (26.5) | 35/230 (15.2) | 1.8 | 1.1–3.3 | 0.04 |
| Eats meat at least once per month | 59/157 (37.6) | 180/312 (57.7) | 0.38 | 0.25–0.60 | <0.0001 |
| Eats porridge as staple (rather than injera) | 110/157 (70.1) | 106/312 (34.0) | 6.7 | 4.0–11.2 | <0.0001 |
| Left school before class 5 | 113/159 (71.1) | 177/317 (55.8) | 2.12 | 1.36–3.31 | 0.0008 |
| No formal schooling | 83/159 (52.2) | 84/317 (26.5) | 3.5 | 2.2–5.4 | <0.0001 |
| Four or more people share sleeping place | 73/153 (47.7) | 156/309 (50.5) | 0.88 | 0.59–1.3 | 0.54 |
| Usually slept outside house in dry season | 64/143 (44.8) | 78/307 (25.4) | 2.6 | 1.7–4.1 | <0.0001 |
| Usually slept outside house in wet season | 63/144 (43.8) | 78/304 (25.7) | 2.7 | 1.6–4.4 | 0.0001 |
| Usually slept on ground in dry season | 71/157 (45.2) | 92/314 (29.3) | 2.3 | 1.4–3.5 | 0.0003 |
| Usually slept on ground in wet season | 89/157 (56.7) | 123/314 (39.2) | 2.5 | 1.6–4.0 | <0.0001 |
| Ever uses bed net | 82/155 (52.9) | 254/308 (82.5) | 0.20 | 0.11–0.33 | <0.0001 |
| Slept under acacia at night | 42/156 (26.9) | 16/313 (5.1) | 6.9 | 3.5–13.5 | <0.0001 |
| Slept under acacia during day | 76/157 (48.4) | 53/313 (16.9) | 6.2 | 3.6–10.7 | <0.0001 |
1
Odds ratios (OR), 95% confidence intervals (CI) and p values derived from univariable conditional logistic regression models. Number and percentage for each factor provided for reference only.