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Autophagosomes are induced in macrophages that lack Sphk isoenzymes. A, immunostaining of LC3B in BMDMs after 4-h treatment of 5 μm Sph or 20 mm NH4Cl. Scale bar, 10 μm. B, immunodetection of LC3B in BMDMs after treatment with various compounds as indicated for 4 h. Data are representative of at least three independent experiments. C, lysosomes visualized with dextran-rhodamine. Scale bar, 10 μm.
