FIGURE 1.

Proposed immune mechanisms in epileptogenesis. The relationship between the immune system and the development of epilepsy is non-linear, but rather better represented as an amplifying feedback loop. The immune response predisposes, precipitates and perpetuates epileptogenesis through activation of resident brain cells (glia and neurons) and facilitation of peripheral leukocyte infiltration. These immune mediators release proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines into the brain parenchyma and the blood, thereby activating downstream signaling cascades and compromising blood–brain barrier, which leads to pathophysiological outcomes, reoccurrence of seizures, and ultimately the development of epilepsy.