Table 1.

Fractal changes of chromatin during carcinogenesis and tumor progression.

Tissue	Preparation	Image	Results	Ref.
Cervix	Histology	Binarized	FD increasing from normal to CIN3	[126]
Cervix	Cytology	Binarized	FD increasing from normal to HSIL	[127]
Cervix	Cytology	Pseudo-3D	FD increasing from normal to HSIL	[128]
Oral mucosa	Histology	Binarized	FD low in normal mucosa and stage I squamous cell carcinoma FD higher in stage II–IV case FD higher in poorly than well-differentiated carcinomas	[108]
Pancreas	Histology	Binarized	FD higher in non-resectable than resectable adenocarcinomas	[130]

FD: Fractal dimension; HSIL: High-grade lesions.