Official websites use .gov
A
.gov website belongs to an official
government organization in the United States.
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock (
) or https:// means you've safely
connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive
information only on official, secure websites.
Molecular changes reported for penile carcinomas.
| Carcinogenesis | Proliferation/Invasion | Metastases |
|---|---|---|
| Inflammation | Growth factors/receptors | Metastases suppressor genes |
| COX-2 | EGFR | KAI1 |
| PGE-2 | HER-3/HER-4 | Nm23H1 |
| Tumor suppressor genes | VEGF | |
| p53 | PI3K/PTEN/AKT | |
| p16 | EMT | |
| PTEN | MMP2/MMP9 | |
| Oncogenes | E-cadherin | |
| HPV E6/E7 | TenascinC | |
| MYC | Annexins | |
| Apoptosis/cell death | Glut1 | |
| DR4/DR5 | ||
| Bcl-2/BAX | ||
| p53 | ||
| Telomerases |
