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. 2013 Oct 1;14(10):19846–19866. doi: 10.3390/ijms141019846

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Oxidative stress and expression of RAGE in the liver. ROS formation by one-electron reduction step of O2. O2•− is formed largely through mitochondrial respiration. During spontaneous dismutation of O2•−, H2O2 is formed. H2O2 can also be formed in peroxysomes. If NO is present, O2•− will react to form ONOO− and ONOOH. The peroxynitrite can then react with carbon dioxide to generate downstream nitrating species. In the extracellular fluid, Kupffer cells and neutrophiles are sources of O2•−, and neutrophiles release the enzyme MPO to produce OCl− from hydrogen peroxide and chloride. The presence of RAGE in hepatocytes and HSCs increases hepatic oxidative stress. KC, Kupffer cells; NT, neutrophile; HSC, HSCs; MPO, myeloperoxidase; RAGE, receptors for AGEs (Adapted from Jaeschke, H. & Ramachandran A. 2011 [2]; Friedman S.L. 2008 [52]).