(A) Tube formation in matrigel, (B) immunohistochemistry for APC and CD31 in patient microvessels, (C) adhesion to CIV, LN and FN, (D) ILK-1 activation assay and (E) WB for APC, ILK-1, α3 and β1 integrin in IPAH versus healthy donor mvPAECs. Lysates from mvPAECs were isolated from five healthy donors and five IPAH patients were used for western immunoblotting. Line separating first three samples from samples 4+5 in (E) was placed to indicate that samples were run in different gels. (D) Transfection of a WT APC expression vector versus empty plasmid and tube formation in IPAH mvPAECs. Bars represent mean ±SEM from N=5 experiments or patients. ***P<0.0001, unpaired t-test in A and F. ***P<0.0001 one way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post-test versus all other groups in C and D. ***P<0.0001 versus corresponding control in E. Scale bar=150 µm in A and F. Scale bar=25µm in B.