Table 1.

Compilation of previous models of interaction between traumatization and chronic pain

Model	Central aspect of interaction	Reference
Shared vulnerability model	The evidence of heightened anxiety sensitivity in individuals affected by posttraumatic stress disorder as well as in individuals with chronic pain is assumed to be a common etiopathogenetic vulnerability factor	7
Mutual maintenance model	Common features and symptoms (eg, depressive symptoms, sleep disorder) maintain both diagnoses mutually in the sufferer’s experience.	8
Perpetual avoidance model	Typical avoidance behavior and catastrophizing thinking tend to perpetuate symptoms in both people with chronic pain disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder.	9
McLean et al’s model	Common biological and endocrine features originate in the overlapping phenomenology of trauma-associated stress disorder and chronic pain symptoms.	10