Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the research participants (mean±SEM)
| Nicotine exposed (n=26) | Unexposed (n=24) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics of the children | |||
| # of children (% males/% females) | 19 (73%)/7 (27%) | 11 (46%)/13 (54%) | 0.09 |
| Age (months) | 46.7±1.6 | 46.0±1.3 | 0.70 |
| Race | 0.45 | ||
| Asian | 2 (8%) | 5 (21%) | |
| Mixed | 17 (65%) | 11 (46%) | |
| Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander | 6 (23%) | 7 (29%) | |
| White | 1 (4%) | 1 (4%) | |
| Current height (cm) | 101.1±1.4 | 99.4±1.1 | 0.33 |
| Current weight (kg) | 17.3±0.6 | 16.7±0.6 | 0.44 |
| Current BMI | 16.9±0.3 | 16.8±0.4 | 0.81 |
| Current head circumference (cm) | 51.0±0.3 | 51.7±1.1 | 0.57 |
| Gestational age at birth (weeks) | 39.3±0.3 | 39.5±0.3 | 0.69 |
| Activity, Pulse, Grimace, Appearance, and Respiration (APGAR) score at 5 min | 9.0±0 | 8.6±0.3 | 0.20 |
| Birth weight (kg) | 3.2±0.1 | 3.5±0.1 | 0.07 |
| Birth length (cm) | 49.2±1.7 | 51.1±0.6 | 0.30 |
| Birth BMI | 12.4±0.3 | 13.4±0.2 | 0.02 |
| Characteristics of the mothers | |||
| Age at time of child’s birth (years) | 27.8±2.4 | 26.5±1.1 | 0.65 |
| Maternal weight gain (kg) | 24.6±2.5 | 17.3±1.6 | 0.02 |
| Cigarettes smoked during pregnancy | 1,865 (560, 5,460)a 2,973±654 |
||
| # Trimesters with nicotine exposure | 2.6±0.1 | ||
| # Trimesters with alcohol exposure | 0.5±0.2 | 0.2±0.1 | 0.14 |
| # Trimesters with marijuana exposure | 0.4±0.2 | ||
| Caffeine during pregnancy (mg) | 6,825 (0, 49,140)a | 1,300 (0, 11,700) | 0.17 |
| Characteristics of the primary caregiver (parent or legal guardian) | |||
| Education (years) | 12.5±0.4 | 13.5±0.4 | 0.12 |
| Estimate verbal intelligence quotient | 95.4±1.2 | 97.7±1.1 | 0.15 |
| Beck depression inventory | 10.5±2.3 | 8.9±1.8 | 0.57 |
| Socioeconomic status (index of social position) | 57.8±3.2 | 49.1±3.3 | 0.03 |
a
Median with first and third quartile in parentheses