Table 2.

Task time distribution for doctors before (pre) and after (post) electronic medication management system (eMMS) implementation

Task	Group	Period	No. of tasks	Total task time (h)	Mean task time (s)	Frequency of task per hour	% Total* time	95% CI		Diff†	p Value
Nurses
Direct care	Control	Pre	952	20.9	79.0	9.2	20.1	18.0	22.3	3.77	0.23
		Post	769	15.7	73.4	10.9	22.1	20.0	24.3
	Intervention	Pre	257	6.0	83.4	8.8	20.3	15.8	24.9
		Post	886	19.1	77.4	12.2	26.1	23.3	29.0
Medication	Control	Pre	1806	20.8	41.6	17.4	20.1	19.1	21.0	−1.93	0.28
		Post	1264	16.8	47.8	17.9	23.7	21.2	26.2
	Intervention	Pre	532	6.1	41.3	18.2	20.9	19.0	22.7
		Post	1506	16.4	39.3	20.7	22.6	21.2	23.9
Professional	Control	Pre	1525	24.7	58.2	14.7	23.7	20.4	27.1	2.24	0.57
communication		Post	1536	14.2	33.3	21.7	20.1	17.7	22.5
	Intervention	Pre	345	7.1	73.9	11.8	24.2	18.4	30.1
		Post	1536	16.6	38.9	21.1	22.8	19.8	25.7
Doctors
Direct care	Control	Pre	270	14.4	191.5	2.7	14.5	11.4	17.7	4.60	0.08
		Post	378	19.6	186.4	3.8	19.7	17.3	22.1
	Intervention	Pre	248	8.3	120.4	4.8	16.0	13.6	18.3
		Post	562	26.8	172.0	5.4	25.7	23.4	28.0
Medication	Control	Pre	475	6.8	51.6	4.8	6.9	6.2	7.6	0.76	0.4
		Post	541	7.5	49.6	5.4	7.4	6.6	8.3
	Intervention	Pre	272	3.7	49.4	5.2	7.2	6.3	8.1
		Post	707	8.9	45.1	6.7	8.5	7.6	9.5
Professional	Control	Pre	1237	33.1	96.4	12.5	33.5	28.2	38.8	1.72	0.8
communication		Post	1795	36.8	73.8	17.9	36.6	33.4	39.8
	Intervention	Pre	726	17.0	84.2	14.0	32.7	23.7	41.8
		Post	1989	39.5	71.4	19.0	37.6	34.7	40.4

*Tasks which made up the remainder of clinicians’ time were: social/personal time, documentation (other than medication-related), transit time, administration, responding to pages, indirect care, and supervision/education.

†Percentage difference in change over time (pre vs post) between intervention and control groups, that is, Diff=(P_{Intervention_post}–P_{Intervention_pre})−(P_{Control_post}–P_{Control_pre}).