Table 5.

Frequency and proportion of time doctors interacted with others during tasks before (pre) and after (post) electronic medication management system (eMMS) implementation

Doctors interacting with	Group	Period	No. tasks	Mean task time (s)	Frequency of task per hour	% Total task time	95% CI		Diff*	p Value
No one	Control	Pre	868	90.49	8.77	18.40	15.60	21.20	−14.80	0.0003
		Post	1587	75.75	15.79	24.63	21.90	27.36
	Intervention	Pre	552	106.57	10.63	27.44	20.92	33.97
		Post	1696	58.43	16.18	18.87	16.55	21.19
Patient	Control	Pre	556	136.20	5.62	17.74	14.96	20.51	6.32	0.009
		Post	806	131.77	8.02	21.77	19.60	23.93
	Intervention	Pre	368	103.00	7.09	17.68	15.38	19.99
		Post	1210	121.64	11.54	28.03	25.92	30.14
Relative	Control	Pre	121	144.73	1.22	4.10	2.83	5.38	0.99	0.41
		Post	237	136.69	2.36	6.64	5.43	7.85
	Intervention	Pre	60	109.70	1.16	3.07	1.89	4.25
		Post	309	112.10	2.95	6.60	5.58	7.61
Nurse	Control	Pre	420	78.39	4.24	7.71	5.84	9.58	−2.53	0.45
		Post	607	57.16	6.04	7.11	5.63	8.59
	Intervention	Pre	281	87.70	5.41	11.50	5.57	17.42
		Post	691	63.60	6.59	8.37	7.18	9.55
Doctor	Control	Pre	2213	136.27	22.36	70.65	62.62	78.67	21.40	0.003
		Post	2872	105.49	28.57	62.09	57.38	66.80
	Intervention	Pre	1101	108.42	21.21	55.69	45.79	65.58
		Post	3768	95.52	35.94	68.53	64.18	72.88

*Percentage difference in change over time (pre vs post) between intervention and control groups, that is, Diff=(P_{Intervention_post}–P_{Intervention_pre})−(P_{Control_post}–P_{Control_pre}).

Bold p values represent significance at p<0.01.