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. 2013 Nov 11;4:166. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00166

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Copyright © 2013 Zhuo, Ferrao, Zheng and Li.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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A representative overview of the evolving renin-angiotensin system. (1) The classical angiotensinogen/renin/ACE/ANG II/AT₁ and AT₂ receptor axis. (2) The prorenin/PRR/MAP kinases ERK 1/2 axis. (3) The ACE2/ANG (1–7)/Mas receptor axis. (4) The ANG IV/AT₄/IRAP axis. ANG A, angiotensin A. ANG I, angiotensin I. ANG (1–7), angiotensin (1–7). ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme. ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. ANG II, angiotensin II. ANG III, angiotensin III. ANG IV, angiotensin (3–8). APA, aminopeptidase A; APN, aminopeptidase N; AT₁, type 1 ANG II receptor; AT₂, type 2 ANG II receptor; IRAP, insulin-regulated aminopeptidase or AT₄ receptor; JGA, juxtaglomerular apparatus.