Table 1. Published Studies on Deep Brain Stimulation in Tourette Syndrome.
| Target | Study | No. Patients | Follow-up, Months | Tic Improvement (YGTSS or MRVRS), % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Midline thalamus (CM–Pf/Voi, CM–Pf) | Visser-Vandewalle (2003)5 | 3 | 12, 8, 60 | 90, 72, 83 |
| Ackermans et al. (2006)10 Ackermans et al. (2007)11 | 1 (CM–PF/Voi) 1 (CM–PF and postroventrolateral GPI) | 12, 12 | Tic 20 3 min, Tic 28 2 min | |
| Bajwa et al. (2007)12 | 1 | 24 | 66 | |
| Maciunas et al. (2007)14 | 5 | 3 | 40 (Mean) | |
| Servello et al. (2008)17 | 18 | 3–18 | 65 (Mean) | |
| Shields et al. (2008)20 | 1 | 3 | 46 | |
| Vernaleken et al. (2009)21 | 1 | Not reported | 36 | |
| Porta et al. (2009)25 Porta et al. (2012)34 | 15–18 | 24, 60–72 long-term follow-up (same cases) | 52 (Mean)41, 33, 32, 18, 1 | |
| Servello et al. (2009)26 | 4 | 10–26 | Slight to modest improvement | |
| Idris et al. (2010)28 | 1 | 2 | Not reported | |
| Marceglia et al. (2010)29 | 7 | 6–24 | 33 (Mean) | |
| Ackermans et al. (2011)30 | 6 | 12 | 49 (Mean) | |
| Lee et al. (2011)32 | 1 | 18 | 58 | |
| Kuhn et al. (2012)35 | 2 | 12 | 75 and 100 | |
| Savica et al. (2012)36 | 3 | 12 | 70 (Mean) | |
| Maling et al. (2012)37 | 5 | 4–6 | 41, 33, 32, 18, 1 | |
| Okun et al. (2013)41 | 5 | 6 | 19 (Mean) | |
| GPi | Deidrerich et al. (2005)6 | 1 | 14 | 47–76 |
| Gallagher et al. (2006)9 | 1 | Several | Disappearance of tics | |
| Ackermans et al. (2006)10 | 1 (CM–Pf and posteroventral GPi) | 12 | Tics 28 2/min | |
| Shahed et al. (2007)15 | 1 | 6 | 84 | |
| Dehning et al. (2008)16 | 1 | 12 | 88 | |
| Dueck et al. (2009)22 | 1 | 12 | No improvement | |
| Martínez-Fernández et al. (2011)31 | 5 (one subject had both), 3 (posteroventral), 3 (anteromedial) | 3–24 | 32, 19, 14, 63, 32, 19 | |
| Cannon et al. (2012)33 | 11 (anteromedial) | 4–30 | 51 | |
| Dong et al. (2012)39 | 2 right GPi only (posteroventral) | 12 | 59 and 53 | |
| Massano et al. (2013)42 | 1 (anteromedial) | 3, 12, 24 | 61 | |
| CM–Pf and/or GPi (anteromedial) | Houeto et al. (2005)7 | 1 | 24 | 82 |
| Welter et al. (2008)18 | 3 | 20, 27, 60 | 65–96 | |
| GPe | Piedimonte et al. (2013)40 | 1 | 3, 6, 24 | 39 |
| A/C – NA | Flaherty et al. (2005)8 | 1 | 18 | 25 |
| Kuhn et al. (2007)13 | 1 | 30 | 41 | |
| Zabek et al. (2008)19 | 1 | 28 | 80 | |
| Neuner et al.(2009)24 | 1 | 36 | 44 | |
| Burdick et al. (2010)27 | 1 | 39 | 15% worse | |
| Sachdev et al. (2012)38 | 1 | 8 | 57 | |
| STN | Martinez-Torres et al. (2009) 23 | 1 | 12 | 76 |
Abbreviations: A/C, Anterior Limb of Internal Capsule; CM–Pf, Centromedial–Parafascicular Complex; GPe, Globus Pallidus, Pars Externus; GPi, Globus Pallidus, Pars Internus; MRVRS, Modified Rush Videotape Rating Scale; NA, Nucleus Accumbens; STN, Subthalamic Nucleus; Voi, Ventralis Oralis; YGTSS, Yale Global Tic Severity Scale.